Is Tony Blair More Like a President Than a Prime Minister essays

Is Tony Blair More Like a President Than a Prime Minister essays Is Tony Blair more like a President than a Prime Minister In order to assess whether Tony Blairs leadership is more presidential than prime ministerial, one must first consider the significant differences between the presidential and Parliamentary regimes. The Presidential system of government is characterised by a constitutional separation of powers between the legislative (congress) and the executive (the Presidency). In Britain, however, the executive and legislative overlap. In theory, the US President exercises all of the prerogatives of the executive, and the British Prime Minister is obliged to share executive competencies. The US President (following advice from his staff and Cabinet) makes legislative recommendations to Congress, whereas the British Prime Minister (following consultations within the executive and having reached some form of collective agreement) issues legislative instructions to Parliament.1 The US constitution secures the Presidents position in office for a term of four years and they cannot be dismissed by congress (except through impeachment). However, looser party discipline means the President cannot regularly command Congressional support for his policies since their party may be in the minority in Congress. The British Prime Minister, in contrast, has relatively more power: provided the support of the majority party is sustained he or she leads both the executive and legislative arms of government.2 The prolific use of the term presidential in relation to Tony Blairs leadership can be used in both senses of the word. Firstly, to express the magnitude of Blairs leadership, and secondly as a means of expressing a qualitative shift away from the more traditional British political process. The analogy comes in a variety of guises and contexts that are differently motivated, have different sources and implications, and are diffe...

12 consejos para entrevista para sacar visa americana

12 consejos para entrevista para sacar visa americana Salvo casos muy excepcionales, es necesario presentarse a una entrevista para sacar la visa americana en una embajada o un consulado de los Estados Unidos. Esto aplica tanto a las visas de inmigrante dentro del proceso para obtener la tarjeta de residencia, tambià ©n conocida como green card, como a las no inmigrante como, por ejemplo, las de turista, inversià ³n, estudiante, trabajo temporal, etc. A continuacià ³n, la informacià ³n bsica sobre en quà © consiste la entrevista, quà © llevar, quà © vestir, presencia de nià ±os y ancianos, cà ³mo cambiarla, etc. Cambiar la fecha de la cita para la entrevista Es posible hacerlo ingresando al sistema en la que se cerrà ³ la cita en lo que se conoce como Applicant Summary Page para lo cual es necesario tener a mano el nà ºmero de pasaporte. Se pueden cambiar las fechas de la entrevista todas las veces que se quiera, siempre que se està © dentro de plazo. Sin embargo, eso no quiere decir que se pueda elegir el dà ­a y la hora que se desea, ya que solamente se puede elegir entre los dà ­as y horas que no tienen ya asignada una entrevista. Cunto dura la entrevista para la visa La entrevista generalmente dura muy poco. En el caso de la visa de turista en la mayorà ­a de los casos apenas un par de minutos de promedio. Sin embargo, segà ºn el tipo de visa puede que la entrevista se alargue entre 15 y 20 minutos, como es el caso de las de inversià ³n. Presencia de nià ±os, bebà ©s y ancianos para la entrevista Salvo excepciones muy limitadas, todas las personas entre los 14 y los 79 aà ±os de edad deben acudir en persona a la entrevista cuando se solicita una visa no inmigrante por primera vez. Adems, esa regla general de presencia fà ­sica para todos los que tienen entre 14 y 79 aà ±os tiene excepciones importantes. Por ejemplo, a pesar de haber cumplido ya los 80 aà ±os  se tiene que ir a la entrevista si se trata de una persona que previamente ha sido arrestada en Estados Unidos o deportada. En el caso de los nià ±os, hay que consultar con la oficina consular o la embajada en la que se tramita la visa ya que las reglas de edad varà ­an notablemente. En muchos casos se exige acudir a la entrevista si el nià ±o o la nià ±a han cumplido ya los 6 aà ±os. Pero esta edad puede variar. Si el nià ±o debe ir a la entrevista, deber ir acompaà ±ado de sus dos padres, a menos que sà ³lo uno tenga la custodia legal del menor, como por ejemplo en caso de viudedad o sentencia judicial. Si uno de los dos padres no puede por razà ³n seria deber entregar al progenitor que sà ­ acompaà ±a al menor una carta en la que especifica que da su consentimiento para que el menor obtenga la visa. Presencia de acompaà ±antes para la entrevista de la visa La regla general es que los  solicitantes de la visa deben acudir solos a las oficinas consulares o a la embajada. Es decir, no deben ir acompaà ±ados por familiares, amigos o abogados. Esta regla admite excepciones, como es el caso de los menores de edad que deben ir acompaà ±ados por los padres o por su guardin legal. Tambià ©n en el caso de incapacitados, à ©stos pueden ir acompaà ±ados de un ayudante. Incluso se admite la presencia de un traductor cuando sea necesario, por ejemplo, en el caso de los sordomudos pueden ir con alguien que traduce el lenguaje de signos.  En todos estos supuestos debe notificarse con antelacià ³n el nombre del acompaà ±ante. Cumplir con los horarios Llegar a tiempo, pero no ms de 15-30 minutos antes de la hora de la cita. Debe esperarse en fila en el exterior, incluso los dà ­as de lluvia o frà ­o. Aunque la entrevista per se es corta, todo el proceso desde que se ingresa a que se sale puede demorarse unas dos horas, dependiendo de la oficina consular. Respetar las reglas de seguridad del consulado Hay que esperar un control muy similar al de los aeropuertos.  Por cuestiones de seguridad, todos los visitantes dentro de un edificio diplomtico estadounidense deben pasar por un detector de metales. Est prohibido ingresar telà ©fonos celulares y otros aparatos electrà ³nicos como iPads,iPods, cmaras de video e incluso controles remotos para abrir carros o garajes. Asimismo, est prohibido intentar ingresar armas de cualquier tipo o artilugios que puedan ser utilizados como tales, como por ejemplo cuchillos u otros objetos punzantes. Tambià ©n estn prohibidas las mochilas, las maletas, las cajas de cualquier tipo y los maletines. Llevar ordenada documentacià ³n necesaria y de apoyo Debe acudirse a la entrevista con un pasaporte vigente, el papel de confirmacià ³n de la cita y el justificante de haber pagado el arancel de la visa. En el caso de los nià ±os se debe verificar el requisito de certificado de nacimiento, ya que es comà ºn pedirlo y que la copia tenga menos de 3 meses. Si solo uno de los padres tiene la custodio legal, deber llevar un documento que asà ­ lo acredite. Lo primero que se entrega es el pasaporte, que deber estar vigente y en buen estado.  En la mayorà ­a de los casos se pide que tenga al menos una validez por los prà ³ximos seis meses, pero este requisito puede variar segà ºn el consulado, por lo que debe verificarse. Y si previamente se ha tenido un pasaporte con visa americana, tambià ©n llevarlo.  Al entregar el pasaporte darn un nà ºmero de cita. Adems, debern llevarse todos los documentos que sirvan para acreditar que se cumplen todos los requisitos para que se conceda la visa solicitada. Adems,  si se ha tenido un pasaporte con visa americana que se ha extraviado o ha sido robado, llevar notificacià ³n oficial de que se ha denunciado. Por à ºltimo, si se ha sido arrestado en los Estados Unidos o se ha sido deportado, llevar los documentos que se tengan respecto a esa situacià ³n. Es conveniente colocar todos esos documentos en un fà ³lder de plstico transparente y llevar todo el papeleo ordenado.  Jams llevar y entregar al personal consular sobres sellados. Esperar sentado en la sala de espera hasta que llamen por nombre y por nà ºmero para la entrevista. Contestar a las preguntas del oficial consular Hay que esperar preguntas relacionadas con la visa que se solicita. Asà ­, si se ha pedido una de turista, se preguntar quà © se planea visitar, cà ³mo se va a pagar, si se va a visitar a algà ºn familiar, etc. Lo que le importa al oficial consular es hacerse una idea de si existe un riesgo de que, si la visa fuera aprobada, la persona solicitante se pueda quedar en Estados Unidos ms tiempo del autorizado.   Para evitar que la visa se niegue por esa razà ³n es una buena idea presentar documentacià ³n de apoyo que sirva para demostrar lazos familiares y/o econà ³micos fuertes en el paà ­s de residencia. Si se solicita una de negocios se preguntar quà © tipo de gestià ³n se va a hacer en Estados Unidos, cunto tiempo se lleva trabajando en la empresa y en quà © cargo y con quà © especialidad. Adems, si se solicita una de intercambio o de estudiante, verificarn el nivel de inglà ©s y si se solicita la de inversià ³n hay que esperar preguntas en profundidad sobre el plan de negocio. La documentacià ³n adicional que se lleva para probar el caso de cada uno sà ³lo se entrega al oficial consular si à ©ste lo pide. No est obligado a aceptarla y sà ³lo la solicitar si cree que es necesario para tomar su decisià ³n. En todo caso es conveniente llevarla. Conocer las consecuencias de mentir, antes de hacerlo Durante la entrevista es importante contestar la verdad ya que la utilizacià ³n de documentacià ³n falsa o mentir para obtener una visa es considerado un fraude y puede provocar como consecuencia que se considere al mentiroso como inelegible para una visa por el resto de su vida.   Esto es una cosa que pasa con mucha frecuencia. E incluso, en algunos casos, los consulados avisan a las autoridades locales para que se persiga penalmente la falsificacià ³n de documentos. Nunca comportarse como un maleducado Finalmente, nunca gritar, insultar, hacer malos comentarios, etc. Incluso en los casos en los que se considere que el oficial consular est siendo muy estricto o, incluso, deniega la visa. Las razones son muchas pero la principal es que todos los comentarios que se realicen y todo tipo de comportamiento puede ser registrado en el expediente del solicitante de la visa, dificultando en el futuro que pueda sacarla.  ¿Quà © vestir para la entrevista? Quien diga que no importa cà ³mo se va vestido, miente. Es importante ir bien presentado. No es necesario excederse y vestirse como si se fuera a una boda, pero sà ­ que es importante dar la imagen de que efectivamente se tienen medios econà ³micos legales para pagar la estancia en Estados Unidos.  ¿Quà © pasa al finalizar la entrevista para la visa? Al finalizar la entrevista el oficial consular comunicar al solicitante si la visa es concedida, denegada o, ni lo uno ni lo otro, porque entra en lo que se llama un proceso administrativo. Las causas de no aprobacià ³n pueden ser calificadas en dos categorà ­as: de ineligibilidad para la visa que se solicita y de inadmisibilidad  para ingresar en Estados Unidos. En el caso de las visas de turista la razà ³n ms comà ºn de la denegacià ³n es el no haber probado và ­nculos econà ³micos o/y familiares suficientes. Antes de volver a aplicar con ciertas posibilidades de à ©xito conviene saber cunto esperar y quà © hacer para subsanar el problema. En el caso de que la causa de negacià ³n fuera una inadmisibilidad, estar atento a si el oficial consular sugiere la posibilidad de solicitar un waiver, tambià ©n conocido como permiso o perdà ³n. Por el contrario, si la visa es concedida el pasaporte debe quedar en la embajada o consulado y se enviar a los pocos dà ­as a su titular con la visa estampada en à ©l. Destacar que la visa no da derecho a ingresar a Estados Unidos, es sà ³lo un requisito. La decisià ³n final corresponde al oficial migratorio en aeropuerto, puerto o frontera terrestre. Finalmente, puede suceder que se comunique que no hay una decisià ³n final tomada sobre si se otorga o no la visa, pendiente de un proceso administrativo. Esto sucede cuando se necesita realizar investigaciones adicionales y puede demorarse, por lo general, unos 90 dà ­as, aunque puede extenderse por mucho ms, llegando incluso al aà ±o. Puntos clave: entrevista para visa en consulado o embajada La entrevista en el consulado americano es parte esencial en el proceso de sacar la visa. ¿Deben presentarse los nià ±os?: La regla general es que deben ir a la entrevista todas las personas entre 14 y 79 aà ±os, aunque algunos consulados tienen reglas exigiendo la presencia de menores tan jà ³venes como 6 aà ±os. Verificar con el consulado. ¿Cunto dura la entrevista?: Por regla general, menos de dos minutos. ¿Es posible cambiar la fecha de la cita?: Sà ­, pero solamente se puede elegir entre dà ­as y horas disponibles en el calendario del consulado. ¿Quà © documentacià ³n llevar?: la obligatoria, segà ºn el tipo de visa, y la de apoyo, que puede servir para que el oficial consular apruebe la visa. Sin embargo, à ©ste no est obligado a verificarla. Cabe destacar que mentir a un oficial consular es un fraude de ley. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Is Communism Considered To Be Evil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Is Communism Considered To Be Evil - Essay Example Still, it is important to note that public’s needs and wants are the basic and fundamental controlling factor that is going to determine the level of governance’s quality in both democratic and communistic systems. The public interest will have to be met in order to save reign of any kind. The communistic mechanism of the government fundamentally works towards suppressing the individual and personal needs so that collective benefits can be disseminated in the society. The communistic system is considered a crude method of governance because it is more prone towards experiencing corruption. The higher probability of corruption is stemming out of absence of any formal way of accountability in the featured type of governance system (Hardt pp.348). The humans are of the view that they are equals and therefore, should be allowed to decide their representatives who will in turn work towards maximization of public interest. The freedom of speech and choice are believed to the antecedent of applying democratic system whereas, the success of democracy is strongly linked with individualistic dimension of the culture. The China is effectively following communism (Steinmuller pp.481) through socialism because its indigenous culture is having a collective outlook and because of this reason, the children are trained to work in terms of serving the society before fulfillment of self interest. The common belief in Chinese community states that once an individual does his or her job then, government will take care of his or her needs. The Chinese governmental philosophy attempts to establish social equality in the community by assisting the people in meeting their basic needs and necessities. The Chinese society is housing substantial amount of population and therefore, they can take a holistic approach towards economic development. But, the people who have an individualistic orientation towards life consider communism as evil. The humans are popular for creating their own reality and some of them identify communism as evil because it suppresses personal and private freedoms while others view it as the means of achieving fiscal development and growth in a collective setting. Thusly, the human belief systems, attitudes and perceptions make a concept or an idea evil or noble. The Chinese economic development remained exemplary over the past few decades and therefore, it can be argued that communism is an effective source of achieving elementary objectives of governance. The problems originate in the light of Agency Theory when the national representatives do not successfully translate public interests into realities. In the presence of abovementioned condition the masses’ support towards any type of government is bound to decline and that is for sure. The communistic system is neither good nor bad in its essence but its deployment and application are going to determine its ethical value and quality. The only enemy of governmental effect iveness goes by the name of corruption and any system that represents corruption more than a certain level, is going to disintegrate sooner or later. The communistic approach in the direction of governance helped Russians in managing their national level issues and operations but things went south when governmental issues undervalued public interest so that they can meet their own personal agendas. The marginal public support for the government played a significant role in causing the breakage of Soviet Union and one communistic

Betty Neumans systems model approach to nursing theory Article

Betty Neumans systems model approach to nursing theory - Article Example I agree with the assessment of Betty Neuman that the field of healthcare is a difficult one to utilize a singular theory in helping to define it in totality.Due to the fact that nursing is an infinitely complex and nuanced discipline, it is prone to change and be redefined in any of multiple key areas. However, if one were forced to choose a solitary theory as an explanation of the way in which nursing should operate and is currently exhibited within its application, it would necessarily be that of Betty Neuman's Systems Model. Due to the fact that her approach argues that the practitioner seek to approach the individual patient on a systemic level, it is one of the few theoretical approaches that requires the practitioner to dispel as many preconceived notions as is possible. Due to the fact that healthcare practitioners are oftentimes caught up in the individual stressors that a patient may exhibit, such factors are oftentimes not headed. Â   I further agree with the analysis that Neuman’s Systems Model approach points out that individuals within the nursing profession oftentimes treat the symptoms of a secondary issue rather than seeking to draw a level of inference upon what unique stressors could have caused the secondary and tertiary issues that the patient might be experiencing. It is Neuman’s understanding that once these key stressors are isolated and dealt with accordingly, the overall health of the patient will necessarily improve. By seeking to localize and treat these key stressors, both physiological as well as others, the nursing professional can gain a great deal of inference on what ultimate causes which affect the health and outlook of the patient may be (Beckman 2012). Likewise, an example of such a path of action could necessarily be the fact that a patient is exhibiting symptoms that are indicative of a key stressor that medical healthcare professions have not yet localized or considered with regards to the treatment plan. Th is particular theory allows the nursing professional to approach each and every patient with a broad based understanding that very often the case will be that the key underlying causes of pain, discomfort, or need for treatment will not be expressly manifest to the healthcare professional at first glance and will require a degree of personal understanding, interaction, and appreciation for the unique subset of needs that the given patient might require (Hayden 2012). Further, I agree with the respondent that in Neuman’s theory it is the responsibility of all practitioners to not rely too heavily upon any one given theory as a means of explaining any and all patient interaction (Clark 2012). Due to the fact that theory in question approaches the issue of nursing and healthcare administration from such an open perspective, it is perhaps better than most in helping to acquaint the healthcare professional with the infinite complexities that doubtless exist when it comes to provid ing services to affected patients (Mercks et al 2012). In this way, although Neuman’s theory goes a long way in assisting the professional to approach each and every situation with an open mind and to think outside of the box, the fact of the matter is that even after such an approach has been effected, the theory requires that the practitioner assume that a hidden level of meaning therefore exists within the treatment and underlying causes that afflict the patient in question. Such an assumption may or may not be true; however, to assume that in every situation there exists something that does not meet the eye is both foolish and presumptive (Cobb 2012). As such, such a level of

The Hiroshima bomb Essay Example for Free

The Hiroshima bomb Essay The Hiroshima bomb, dropped in (insert year, i forget which) was a deadly atomic bomb that drastically affected the lives of Japanese citizens in both novels and in reality. In the fictional novel, The Street of a Thousand Blossoms, written by Gail Tsukiyama, the author portrays a very accurate perspective of the Japanese and their experiences during World War II. The tragedies that are descriptively discussed in this novel similarly resemble the incidents that occurred to the Japanese victims during World War II. The Japanese suffered extremely throughout the few years of the war. They went through periods of starvation and psychological devastation when the economy spiraled downwards.The financial state of the Japanese suffered a terrible blow as a result of the large amounts of invested money put into the military in hopes of expanding the imperialism ideology. In the novel, Hiroshi could not understand why â€Å"Yanaka’s alleyways were crowded with women and children who lined up and waited for hours for meagre rations of rice and salted fish. (Tsukiyama 51)† After the bombing of Pearl Harbour, the American embargoes stopped all the needed resources in Japan. The American oil embargo caused a crisis in Japan. Reliant on the US for 80% of its oil, the Japanese were forced to decide between withdrawing from China, negotiating an end to the conflict, or going to war to obtain the needed resources elsewhere (embedded http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/worldwarii/a/wwiipaccauses.htm). â€Å"†¦Hiroshi couldn’t remember the last time they had any meat or fresh fish to eat. He and Kenji ate more and more slowly, trying to make what little they had in their bowls last longer. (Tsukiyama 69)† All the villagers in Yanaka, including Hiroshi were not accustomed to povertybecause of the luxurious lives they lived before the crisis occured. Now, they â€Å"fear and dread of the war and their increasing hunger weighs heavily on everyone’s minds (Tsukiyama 69)†. Because of the second Sino-Japanese war, the Japanese had to cut down imports of goods to pay for the materials for railway and ship building industries. The American embargoes prevented any goods from being exported to Japan. Therefore, Japan began to have a shortage of food and other necessities. This caused havoc in Japan which was vividly portrayed in the novel, when Hiroshi and his family struggle to survive and ration each of their resources. Satoko Matsumoto, a survivor of the Hiroshima bombing stated, â€Å"One after another, people died, some of them with a cry for water on their lips (Embedded p31 Harris)† Matsumoto’s state was very similar to Hiroshi’s perspective as everyone solely cares about is the hunger that’s assaulting their stomach. As if the starvation running rampant in the country was not devastating enough, the bombing on Hiroshima plunged Japan into further chaos. The bombing of Hiroshima killed hundreds of thousands of innocent Japanese citizens. The survivors were forced to lose many loved ones, and scarring their lives forever. In the {insert novel name}, Kenji and Haru were both present during the dropping of the bomb and their thoughts reflected the same ones as citizens who experienced the catastrophe in reality. The author states, â€Å"Can you imagine a wind so strong that it ripped a man’s face away where he stood? Can you imagine how internal organs exploded, clothes and bodies burst into flames, disintegrated on the spot? Can you envision a mushroom cloud formed by smoke and debris that could be seen for miles by the naked eye, followed by a black rain falling, black tears they called it, radiation spreading in its wake? Those who died were the lucky ones; those who lived through it would never be the same. (Tsukiyama 140)† These memories will always haunt Haru’s mind as even 3 years later, she â€Å"still felt a sharp burning in her palms and the tips of her fingers, and suddenly the three years disappeared and she was twelve years old again, hooking her arm through Aki’s as they ran and ran, their eyes stinging, lungs burning, running through the thick acrid smoke back to the stable, running fast so that her little sister wouldn’t see the burned bodies writhing in agony, pleading for water. (Tsukiyama 181) The fire weakened Haru’s vision and her hands were paralyzed. Her sister Aki suffered hair loss due to the radiation caused by the bomb. As of November 1945, an estimated 130,000 were dead. Both Haru and Aki suffered through the symptoms due to radioactive rays. Aki later died of Leukemia and left Haru behind devastated. Katsuko Horibe was a teacher at Honkawa Elementary School when the incident happened. â€Å"Seven Honkawa students, burning and bleeding, their uniform s in tatters and strips of skin hanging from their bodies, lay crying in agony. The children had been playing hide-and-seek when the bomb found them.† (embedded) The horrific memories of Horibe were concealed in her mind just like Aki and Haru until the day she died. â€Å"Blood was caked on her skin and clothes, as she was starting to feel intense pain.† (embedded) Seven year old Michiko Kodomas classmates were playing outside when it happened. â€Å"Kodoma says what she witnessed next are horrors that no child should ever experience. ‘[There were] people whose eyeballs had popped out their sockets. There were those who held their babies – burnt black; they themselves had no skin. There were those whose intestines had come out of their bodies, and confused they struggled to put them back in.’ (embedded) The visions that Michiko saw were exactly what Haru tried to prevent Aki from witnessing. Uragashira, a survivor of the Hiroshima bombing as well as the Nagasaki bombing 3 days later recalled, â€Å"I still remember the smell of charred bodies and the weak screams of the dying, for water Even if I suffer dementia, I will never forget it.† (Embedded) This proves how gruesome and appalling the disaster was. Tsukiyama graphically portrayed these dreadful and terrifying memories through the words of Haru and the voices of the dead. Her interpretations of the suffrage of the Japanese were very concise and accurate.

John Keats Speech :: essays papers

John Keats Speech The writer I have chosen to speak about is the romanticist John Keats. I chose this particular poet as I believe his ideas are the best expressed of the composers we have studied. I have looked at "Ode on a Grecian Urn," "Ode on Melancholy" and "Ode to Autumn" and I think some important comparisons can be drawn from them. Each poem has been chosen because I think that the ideas conveyed in them are among the more significant in Keats's works. "Ode on a Grecian Urn" discuses the idea of immortality in a picture, and how if a moment is captured on an urn then does it exist always? It seems the theme of this poem came from a phrase of Leonardo DiVinci: "Cosa bella mortal passa e non d'arte." Translated, this means mortal beauties pass away, but not those of art. "Ah, happy, happy boughs! That cannot shed your leaves, nor ever bid the spring adieu." Keats uses personification in this example to make the tree branches seem like they are happy and enjoying the situation. In the third stanza the word "forever" is repeated: "And, happy melodist, unwearied. Forever piping songs forever new. More happy love, more happy, happy love. Forever warm and still to be enjoyed. Forever panting, and forever young." This repitition is done to draw attention to the word forever which makes the reader appreciate the true meaning of the poem, which is the debate over immortality and death and what immortality means. The second poem I have studied is "Ode on Melancholy." The idea behind this poem is that with any intense feeling of joy and happiness, a sad and melancholy feeling must accompany it. Or to simplify this, what goes up must come down. This poem is an escape from the inevitable pain as to expect a light not to cast shadows. Keats uses personification in this poem. "Sudden from heaven like a weeping cloud." And, "Veiled melancholy has her sovran shrine." These two examples use personification to exaggerate the feelings being expressed and to help explain Keat's thoughts. To help explain joys and melancholy's interactions Keats personifies joy to be a male and melancholy to be female. This helps the reader understand how joy and melancholy are contributing factors to each other. The third and final poem I have studied is "Ode to Autumn.

Compare and Contrast US and Canada Capital Cities Essay

Washington dc and Ottawa share much in common in terms of geography, but they have also taken divergent paths in terms of history and culture. Originally inhabited by Native Americans, both were colonized by Europeans and later developed into two independent capitals. By 1500s, the European’s migration to North America had begun CITATION Swe02 l 1033 (Swerdlow, 2002). Europeans came to North America in search of land, valuable minerals, religious and political freedom. The European migrants came from England, France, and Spain, where they settled in colonies. Washington dc was founded on rebellion and the cult of seeking independence while Ottawa was formed through consensus among the public servants CITATION Mil11 l 1033 (Miller, 2011). While both cities share similar histories with regard to their former colonizers the British monarch, they bear divergent attitudes towards their formers colonizers. In the year 1763, France was forced to abandon most of its North American territory to the British Empire, which was a union of Scotland and England. Conflicts arose between the Native Americans and the colonial settlers as they sought to occupy the land. Most Native Americans were pushed out of their lands and their culture was nearly destroyed as a result of the conflict CITATION Bar13 l 1033 (Barret, 2013). When the British government imposed new taxes and restriction on the freedoms of Native Americans in 1760s, all the thirteen British colonies were angered and they fought against the British to attain independence. The result was a new independent country, the United States of America. Most Americans rejected the British monarchy and set up a republic, a type of government whereby people could elect their own leaders, including the head of states. Consequently, they elected George Washington as their first president CITATION For10 l 1033 (Forsey, 2010). As some American colonists did not wish to break ties with the British monarch, they sought to leave the newly formed country. Over hundred thousand people known as the loyalist moved out of the United States and settled in the French populated regions of Quebec, which was controlled by the British monarch. In the early 1800s, French and English speaking communities in the British North America were in constant conflict over the colonial government policies CITATION Mil11 l 1033 (Miller, 2011). However, they were soon brought together due to fears of a takeover by the United States. In the year 1867, four of the colonies – Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova scout- united under Prime Minister A. MacDonald, to from the united provinces of the dominion of Canada. This was a new country under the British Empire. Other neighboring areas such as British Columbia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, also become provinces of Canada CITATION For10 l 1033 (Forsey, 2010). Nowadays, Canada encompasses the ten provinces and another three territories, the Nunavut, the Yukon Territory and the North West territories. Currently, both the governments run from Ottawa and Washington dc are democracies with federal systems, whereby the national governments share power with provinces or the state governments CITATION Bel11 l 1033 (Belanger, 2011). However, the United States governments tends to tilt more towards democracy while Canada is more conservative. Indeed, the United States has been amending laws in accordance to the democratic rights of its citizens. This has been had been a strategy stated back in 1787, the united states leaders wanted to create a strong national government whilst preserving the structures individual states and citizens CITATION Bel11 l 1033 (Belanger, 2011). Therefore, a plan called the constitutional amendments was drafted so that the constitution could be adjusted to conform to the countries changing needs. The first ten amendments were known as the bill of rights, and they guaranteed the citizens fundamental rights, such as the freedoms of religion, speech and press. Canada, on the other hand, was formed as a dominion, which was essentially a self-governing country with close links with the British monarch. Ottawa gained full independence from the British Empire in 1931, but the British governments still held the rights to approve any changes made to the constitution of Canada CITATION For10 l 1033 (Forsey, 2010). It was not until 1982 that this legislative link to the British government was severed. During its founding, Canada had a strong central government, with very little powers shred to the individual provinces. However, over the years, the powers given to the provinces has significantly increased CITATION For10 l 1033 (Forsey, 2010). The form of government in Ottawa is a constitutional monarch. The executive arm of the Canadian government encompasses the governor general, the prime minister and the cabinet CITATION Bar13 l 1033 (Barret, 2013). In this government, the British monarch is still acts as the head of state. Additionally, the British monarch appoints the governor general in order to act in his or her place. The national legislature is known as the parliament, and it is made up of the senate and the House of Commons. The prime minister is the leaders of the majority political party in the parliament and serves as the actual head of government. The supreme court of Canada is composed of nine judges, and it is the country’s highest court CITATION Bar13 l 1033 (Barret, 2013). On the other hand, the government in Washington is made up of three branches; the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary. The executive arm of the government encompasses the president, the vice president, and all the executive departments that control various division of the federal government CITATION Swe02 l 1033 (Swerdlow, 2002). The president’s cabinet is made up of the heads of these departments. They also double up as special advisors. Elected state representatives makeup the senate and the House of Representatives. The senate and House of Representatives make up the legislative branch of the government. Meanwhile, the judicial branch is made up of the Supreme Court and the lower federal courts. While English is the official language and the main language in Washington dc, Ottawa has both English and French as the two official languages. Due to the immigration of people from all various parts of the world to Canada and the United States, there are other languages used, albeit in the few minority ethnicities CITATION Mil11 l 1033 (Miller, 2011). The immigrants from Great Britain came with the English language to United States and most parts of Canada. However, in some Canadian provinces such as Quebec and cities such as Ontario and Ottawa, French is included as the official language since some of the provinces population is made up descendants of French settlers who had arrived there between 1500s and 1700s CITATION Bar13 l 1033 (Barret, 2013). Since the French-speaking Canadians in the city wanted more protection for their culture and language, they sought to for the recognition and use of French language as part of the official language in Ottawa. Although both cities have a number of differences as mentioned above, they also exhibit several similarities. Firstly, Both Ottawa and Washington dc are capital cities of Canada and the United States respectively. Unlike other capitals such as London, Tokyo or Mexico City, both are not the unrivaled centers of gravity of their respective countries CITATION Bar13 l 1033 (Barret, 2013). Fundamentally, both are political capitals and not cultural or economic capital cities. They are both government cities and not megacities. However, they both manage to maintain a cosmopolitan atmosphere and a profile of much bigger proportions than their own size. In addition, neither of them were their countries initial capitals. Although they both have neighborhoods that were formerly colonial towns, the two cities developed around national politics and for most of the time, the government was at the center of everything CITATION Swe02 l 1033 (Swerdlow, 2002). Both Ottawa and Washington dc exemplify a distinguishing North American federal urbanism. While both cities have a population of less than a million, they have several monuments, museums and embassies CITATION Swe02 l 1033 (Swerdlow, 2002). Tourist visit both cities to experience the historical foundations of the two North American countries, Canada, and the United States. Both Ottawa and Washington dc are filled with stylish Victorian houses and neoclassical public buildings. Additionally, they both have several impressively designed office blocks. For instance, Ottawa has a bureaucratic brutalist wonderland while in Washington dc there is the J. Edgar Hoover building at the pentagon’s scale CITATION Bel11 l 1033 (Belanger, 2011). The two cities have adopted approach to urban development that is centered on housing and amenities targeted to the professional classes, causing a wave of growth that has boosted a renaissance of downtown livability. Washington dc and Ottawa have a similar educational system. This includes a network of both public and private schools. Both cities have compulsory education requirements. In addition, the Canadian provinces and the United States have a 12-grade school system. There are universities and colleges in both cities. In terms of the rate of literacy, both the US and Canada have literacy rate of 97 percent CITATION Bar13 l 1033 (Barret, 2013). The cultural influences of the United States and Canada, which are headquartered in Washington dc and Ottawa respectively, is strongest in the discipline of popular entertainment. Indeed, both the United States and Canada have had a profound impact throughout the world through their popular culture CITATION Bel11 l 1033 (Belanger, 2011). In the 1900s, the US was the world’s most dominant source of entertainment and trendy fashion, ranging from the t- shirts and the jeans to the television programs, movies and rock stars. Even nowadays, Hollywood has become synonymous with the film industry. On its part, the Canada film industry which receives backing from Ottawa, is renowned for its shakes hers festivals that are held annually in Ontario. Therefore, the entertainment cultures in both cities has greatly shaped and influenced the entertainment industry thought the world CITATION Bar13 l 1033 (Barret, 2013). Being the citizens of two of the world’s wealthiest capital cities, people in both Ottawa and Washington dc enjoy a high standard of living. Due to their socioeconomic status or their level of educational income, the citizens of both cities have an advantage over the personal opportunities and choices. Due to the support systems in place that ensure agricultural surplus in both the United States and Canada, foods are fairly inexpensive. The housing varies considerably depending on the needs of families and individuals CITATION Bel11 l 1033 (Belanger, 2011). They range from suburban houses to multifamily row houses to high rise apartments. References   Barret, M. (2013). Interculturalism and multiculturalism: similarities and differences. London: Council of Europe. Belanger, D.-C. (2011). Prejudice and Pride: Canadian Intellectuals Confront the United States, 1891-1945. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Forsey, E. A. (2010). How Canadians govern themselves. Ottawa: Library of Parliament. Miller, K. (2011). FOLLOWING THE AMERICAN LEAD: CANADA’S DIPLOMACY. Wellington: Heritage. Swerdlow, J. L. (2002). The cultural geography of the united states and Canada. New York: National Geographic. Source document

Notes on Society

Chapter 10 Social Stratification: a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy, it is a trait of society, found in all society's, carries over from generation to generation and creates systems and class Social Mobility: a change in position within the social hierarchy Caste System: Closed system based on ascription, or birth, little or no mobility, shapes a persons entire life, occupation and marriage. Found in traditional Agrarian societies. Class System: social stratification based on both birth, ascription and individual achievement, meritocracy.Meritocracy: Social stratification based on personal merit Status Consistency: the degree of uniformity in a person's social standing across various dimensions of social inequality. Example: A college professor with advanced degrees enjoys high prestige but only earns a modest wage. Structural Social Mobility: a shift in the social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than to in dividual efforts Ideology: cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including patterns of inequalityDavis Moore thesis: A system of unequal rewards is necessary to place talented people in the right jobs and to motivate them to work hard. the functional analysis claiming that social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society Blue Collar occupations: lower prestige jobs that involve mostly manual labor White Collar occupations: Higher-prestige jobs that involve mostly mental activity Socioeconomic Status, SES: a composite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequalityConspicuous Consumption: Buying and using products because of the â€Å"statement† they make about social position Chapter 11 Income: earnings from work or investments Wealth: The total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts Intragenerational Social Mobility: a change in social position occurring during a person's lifetime. Intergenerati onal Social Mobility: upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents Feminization of Poverty: the trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor Chapter 12Global Stratification: Patterns of social inequality in the world as a whole High Income Country: nations with the highest overall standards of living Middle Income Country: nations with the standard of living that is about the average for the world Low Income Country: nations with low standard of living in which most people are poor Modernization Theory: is a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences among nations Dependency Theory: explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor societies by rich ones

Mitosis Quiz on Mitotic Cell Division

Mitosis Quiz on Mitotic Cell Division Mitosis Quiz This mitosis quiz is designed to test your knowledge of mitotic cell division. Cell division is a process that enables organisms to grow and reproduce. Dividing cells go through an ordered series of events called the cell cycle. Mitosis is a phase of the cell cycle in which the genetic material from a parent cell is divided equally between two daughter cells. Before a dividing cell enters mitosis it goes through a growth period called interphase. In this phase, the cell duplicates its genetic material and increases its organelles and cytoplasm. Next, the cell enters the mitotic phase. Through a sequence of steps, chromosomes are equally distributed to two daughter cells. Mitosis Stages Mitosis consists of several stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Finally, the dividing cell goes through cytokinesis (dividing of the cytoplasm) and two daughter cells are formed. Somatic cells, cells of the body other than sex cells, are reproduced by mitosis. These cells are diploid and contain two sets of chromosomes. Sex cells reproduce by a similar process called meiosis. These cells are haploid and contain one set of chromosomes. Do you know the phase of the cell cycle in which a cell spends 90 percent of its time? Test your knowledge of mitosis. To take the Mitosis Quiz, simply click on the Start The Quiz link below and select the correct answer for each question. JavaScript must be enabled to view this quiz. START THE MITOSIS QUIZ JavaScript must be enabled to view this quiz. To learn more about mitosis before taking the quiz, visit the Mitosis page. Mitosis Study Guide OverviewStages of MitosisMitosis AnimationMitosis Image GalleryGlossary of TermsQuiz

Cities and the Quest to Host the Olympics Games

Cities and the Quest to Host the Olympics Games The first modern Olympics was held in Athens, Greece, in 1896. Since then, the Olympic Games have been held more than 50 times in cities in Europe, Asia, and North America. Although the first Olympic events were modest affairs, today they are multibillion-dollar events that require years of planning and politicking.   How an Olympic City Is Chosen The Winter and Summer Olympics are governed by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). This multinational organization chooses the host cities. The process begins nine years before the games are to be held when cities can begin lobbying the IOC. Over the next three years, each delegation must meet a series of goals to demonstrate that they have (or will have) the infrastructure and funding in place to host a successful Olympics. At the end of the three-year period, the IOCs member states vote on the finalist.  Not all cities that want to host the games make it to this point in the bidding process, however. For example, Doha,  Qatar, and Baku,  Azerbaijan,  two  of the five cities seeking the 2020 Summer Olympics, were eliminated by the IOC midway through the selection process. Only Istanbul, Madrid, and Paris were finalists; Paris won. Even if a city is awarded the games, that doesnt mean thats where the Olympics will take place. Denver made a successful bid to host the 1976 Winter Olympics in 1970, but it wasnt long before local political leaders began rallying against the event, citing the cost and potential environmental impact. In 1972, the Denver Olympic bid had been sidelined, and the games were awarded to Innsbruck, Austria, instead. Fun Facts About Host Cities The Olympics have been held in more than 40 cities since the first modern games were held. Here is some more trivia about the Olympics and their hosts.   The first modern Summer Olympics in Athens in 1896 took place just four years after Frenchman  Pierre de Coubertin  proposed them. The event featured only about 250 athletes from 13 nations competing in nine sports.The first Winter Olympics was held in Chamonix, France, in 1924. Sixteen nations competed that year, with just five sports total.The Summer and Winter Games were held every four years in the same year. In 1992, the IOC altered the schedule so that they would alternate every two years.  Seven cities have hosted the Olympic Games more than once: Athens; Paris; London; St. Moritz, Switzerland; Lake Placid, New York; Los Angeles; and Innsbruck, Austria.London is the only city to have hosted the Olympics three times. Paris will become the next city to do so when it hosts the 2024 Summer Games.Beijing, which hosted the Summer Olympics in 2008, will host the Winter Olympics in 2020, making it the first city to do so.The U.S. has hosted eight Olympic Games, more than any oth er nation. It will next host the Summer Olympics in Los Angeles in 2028. Brazil is the only nation in South America to have hosted the Olympics. Africa is the only continent not to have hosted the Games.World War I prevented the 1916 Olympics from being held in Berlin. World War II  forced the cancellation of Olympics scheduled for Tokyo; London; Sapporo, Japan; and  Cortina dAmpezzo, Italy.The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, which cost an estimated $51 billion, was the most expensive Games of all time.   Summer Olympic Games Sites 1896: Athens, Greece1900: Paris, France1904: St. Louis, United States1908: London, United Kingdom1912: Stockholm, Sweden1916: Scheduled for Berlin, Germany1920: Antwerp, Belgium1924: Paris, France1928: Amsterdam, Netherlands1932: Los Angeles, United States1936: Berlin, Germany1940: Scheduled for Tokyo, Japan1944: Scheduled for London, United Kingdom1948: London, United Kingdom1952: Helsinki, Finland1956: Melbourne, Australia1960: Rome, Italy1964: Tokyo, Japan1968: Mexico City, Mexico1972: Munich, West Germany (now Germany)1976: Montreal, Canada1980: Moscow, U.S.S.R. (now Russia)1984: Los Angeles, United States1988: Seoul, South Korea1992: Barcelona, Spain1996: Atlanta, United States2000: Sydney, Australia2004: Athens, Greece2008: Beijing, China2012: London, United Kingdom2016: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil2020: Tokyo, Japan Winter Olympic Games Sites 1924: Chamonix, France1928: St. Moritz, Switzerland1932: Lake Placid, New York, United States1936: Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany1940: Scheduled for Sapporo, Japan1944: Scheduled for Cortina dAmpezzo, Italy1948: St. Moritz, Switzerland1952: Oslo, Norway1956: Cortina dAmpezzo, Italy1960: Squaw Valley, California, United States1964: Innsbruck, Austria1968: Grenoble, France1972:  Sapporo, Japan1976:  Innsbruck, Austria1980: Lake Placid, New York, United States1984: Sarajevo, Yugoslavia (now Bosnia and Herzegovina)1988: Calgary, Alberta, Canada1992: Albertville, France1994: Lillehammer, Norway1998: Nagano, Japan2002: Salt Lake City, Utah, United States2006: Torino (Turin), Italy2010: Vancouver, Canada2014: Sochi, Russia2018: Pyeongchang, South Korea2022: Beijing, China

Discuss the concept of 'jurisdiction' in Article 1 of the European Essay

Discuss the concept of 'jurisdiction' in Article 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights - Essay Example Else , a state may control the affairs by initiating administrative or executive action, which intrudes more pervasively on the happenings of events , as by implementing its laws or through the verdicts of its courts. Jurisdiction pertains to both the internal law of each state and in the international law. The jurisdiction in international law establishes the allowable limits of a state jurisdiction in the different forms it may assume, while the jurisdiction in internal law connotes the magnitude to which, and the style in which, the state, in reality, affirms its jurisdiction. In Lotus case, the PCIJ (Permanent Court of International Justice), while briefing that international law normally allows the states â€Å"a broad initiative† of discretion in the applicability of their laws, and the jurisdiction of their courts was restricted in some cases by prohibitive rules, and it was obligatory for a state that it should not cross its limits which international law emphasises up on its jurisdiction. It may be noted that the magnitude to which the jurisdiction is a matter of limits to the exercise of authority as the subject of jurisdiction may happen not only as regard to states but also in regard to other bodies, which exert authority globally like international organisations and multinational companies1. International Jurisdictional issues happen when a state either through its court proceedings or directly try to avow its power over circumstance, property or persons, which happen or arise in abroad. If such property or persons locate in abroad, the magnitude to which the state laws are deemed to apply extra-territorially or whether the exercise of the jurisdiction engrosses any violation of the rights of other states. It is to be observed that a state’s right to assert its jurisdiction depends upon its sovereignty. In Christina 2case, Lord Macmillan held that â€Å"it is an indispensable quality of the sovereignty of a state, as of all sovereign independent nations that it should have jurisdiction over all of its properties and individuals which lie or reside within its territorial borders both in criminal and civil cases happening within these limits. Jurisdiction also includes both the privilege to exercise it within the territories of a nation’s sovereignty and an obligation to acknowledge the same right of other states. The issue or complication happens when one nation tries to punish a criminal demeanour which another nation does not consider it as an offence. There are various kinds of jurisdictions, and we can analyse the same as under: Prescriptive Jurisdiction Authority to notify rules Enforcement Jurisdiction Authority to implement regulations Legislative Jurisdiction Authority of the state to enforce obligatory laws within its province. However, there are restrictions on the â€Å"legislative dominance â€Å"of a state as if it enacts a law which in not in line with international law, then it will make i t accountable for the infringement of international law. However, a municipal court of a state has every right to give effect to its municipal law. Executive Jurisdiction The authority of a state to function within the territorial provinces of another state with prior sanction from such government. Judicial Jurisdiction The authority to municipal courts to administer cases where the foreign factor exists3. Article 1 of the European Human Rights Commission (herein after will be referred as ECHR) deals with the obligation to