The Collective Activity Was The Dawn Of American Imperialism

The topic I examined in the collective activity was the â€Å"Dawn of American Imperialism.† The dawn of American imperialism was a time of expansion and also a time of war and racism. During this time America was increasing â€Å"its power by gaining control over other areas of the world† (Merriam-Webster). America was fighting a war in the Philippines to take control because Americans thought Filipinos’ could not govern themselves and were uneducated. Also America was trying to annex Hawaii even though the majority of Hawaiians were against the annexation. During this time people and companies such as Josiah strong, Rudard Kipling and Pearl’s soap were spreading racism and the belief that Anglo-Saxons were a superior race and should â€Å"impress its institutions upon man-kind† (Josiah Strong, â€Å"Our Country†). There were many primary sources that I consulted while studying my topic. In the text Voices of Freedom by Eric Foner I read about and studied the views of Josiah strong, Emilio Aguinaldo and Rudard Kipling. I studied an article titled The 1897 Petitions Protesting Annexation by Noenoe K. Silva from the University of Hawaii library website. I also studied two images in chapter 17 of Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty! Online. The first image was titled â€Å"A Trifle Embarrassed† and the second image was a Pears’ Soap ad image titled â€Å"The White Man’s Burden† Josiah strong was a Protestant Christian minister who wrote a book titled Our Country In 1885. In his book Josiah Strong talks aboutShow MoreRelatedSummary of 13 Chapters of Belize5562 Words   |  23 Pagesto clarify the formation and development of the present state. The presence of the British, in turn resulted from the coming of Christopher Columbus to the Americans and the subsequent incursions by various European powers. Columbus thought that he had lands in India. The Maya Frontier includes the division of ancient Maya Civilization. It was divided into three periods. The pre-classic, classic and the post classic. The Mayan continues to re cerate their civilization with accommodations and adjustmentRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. 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Living with the Extreme Fear Created by Anxiety Disorders...

Anxiety disorders are mental disorders caused by extreme or severe anxiety often caused by overwhelming worries, fears, and stress. Phobic disorder, commonly known as phobia, is a type of anxiety disorder wherein the individual acquires an excessive and irrational fear of a particular object or situation, with the fear being out of proportion to the real threat. â€Å"The word [phobia] is derived from Phobos, the Greek god of fear, whose likeness was painted on masks and shields to frighten enemies in battle.† (Passer and Smith 537) Jennifer Ong defines phobia as a heightened sense of fear. Also, according to her, psychologists assert that the fears in phobia are usually based on irrational grounds. A fear develops into a phobia when a†¦show more content†¦The situations mentioned may indicate being involved in situations wherein escape is difficult or impossible (Gazzaniga et al. 536). According to Jennifer Ong, individuals with agoraphobia have a fear of leaving their homes or place of security. A person with this phobia fears to be alone in places wherein he thinks that his life will be at risk like bridges, crowded stores, and busy streets. In these situations, individuals would need the accompaniment of a family member or friend, since no one can predict when a panic attack can occur. Besides this, based on distribution, it is more common for women to suffer from agoraphobia than men. (Magee, 1996) The second type of phobic disorder is social phobia. According to John Santrock, â€Å"Social phobia is an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations. Individuals with this phobia are afraid that they will say or do the wrong thing.† Those with this phobia are afraid of being judged and evaluated negatively and of being made fun of. According to Ong, they fear groups of people, individuals, or specific situations. This phobia includes fear of speaking in public or being under scrutiny. It is sometimes referred to as stage fright. Fear of public speaking is said to be the most common kind of social phobia. Social phobia hinders the affected persons to socialize with others. The said individuals may be excessively self-conscious andShow MoreRelatedObsessive Compulsive Disorder ( Ocd )1224 Words   |  5 Pagesdistill information from the four articles provided to provide a more thorough understanding of the effects Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, otherw ise known as OCD, has on an individual. The paper will explain and interpret the link between obsession and compulsion that is characteristic of being diagnosed with OCD. In addition, this paper will describe the impact having this disorder can have on an individual in their day to day lives. 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Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1972 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Criminal Justice Essay Did you like this example? It has been seen all over the country, causing riots and looting. These controversial events that seemingly happen more often than ever. The racial discrimination of our criminal justice system some may say have hit an all-time high. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System" essay for you Create order Nobody is saying that everything about the system is wrong but one person summed it up better than I could. Carlos Berdejo wrote, â€Å"research examining racial disparities in the criminal justice process has focused on its two endpoints—the arrest and initial charging of defendants and judges’ sentencing decisions.† (Berdejo 1) This explains it best because it shows us the worst possible points in the process, and where discrimination is most evident. It is very important how you talk about these things to not misrepresent the problem with weak evidence. I want to show one thing here and that is this. Preconceived stereotypes and systematic racism are essential to the discrimination of people of color in the criminal justice system. Stereotypes can be as harmless as saying just because youre tall you should play sports. However, this isnt always the case, the criminal justice systems discrimination is based off stereotypes of people of color sometimes even over evidence. This isnt just a riding the wave of hype from social media and the top news channels. This problem has been broken down and examined hundreds maybe even thousands of times. The essay written by Berdejo was a great expression of this problem. Berdejo states, â€Å"White defendants are twenty-five percent more likely than black defendants to have their principal initial charge dropped or reduced to a lesser crime. This sort of problem will rarely be brought up because of the fact that they are found guilty just for different crimes. This sort of thing can be caused by many things, stereotypes for example. One stereotype you hear on the news about court cases is how dangerous to society the defendants are. If you put two and two together this is s aying that people of color are thereby considered more dangerous to society than whites. This can be one of two factors, either it is the jury that thinks this or perhaps maybe even the judges themselves. You can see the problem here. Article #7 of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights from the United Nations puts it exactly how it should be, â€Å"All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.† Not a day goes by that we as a country will ever forget the horrors of what happened before and during the civil war era. That was so long ago there cant be a problem with that now, right? Ever since the Jim Crow Laws were redacted from use many people ask if they are really gone or just taken another form for present-day America. Allen Beck and Alfred Blumstein quote Michael Alexander’s The New Jim Crow (2010) claiming â€Å"The racial difference in prison is largely attributable to intentional emphasis on offenses that blacks commit.† (Beck Blumstein 854) This takes on a huge weight when someone claims this. It does have some substantial evidence of it. What is the difference from back then when they would arrest people of color for little to no reason? Now they can just lock you up for just being of color or maybe just give you an extended sentence. This just proves that previous history still plays a big role in the criminal justice system more than the evidence of the case. One example that you can maybe relate to just to let it sink in is this. When you see a retired professional athlete either working another job or just out and about you only think about who they were not about who they are now. They are just athletes to us nothing more nothing less, and I believe this same concept applies to people of color either before arrests or in the courtroom. In the US we have a saying in our courts and justice system â€Å"justice is blind† this means that no matter what race, religion, ethnicity, gender, etc, that you will be tried the same as everyone else. We know that no matter how hard we want to believe this it is simply not true. Donna Coker brings up an amazing point about a misconception that African Americans account for more drug convictions and arrests because they are more involved in violent trafficking gangs, therefore, it would make sense. (Coker 830) She then goes on to say this, â€Å"There is no empirical data that would prove the Governments claim and that data that does exists suggest that claim may be inaccurate.†(Coker 830) After analyzing this find It got me to think what would the reasoning be for the excessive arrests in the black community? Whatever the reasoning is the statistics do not side with lack of evidence to support the Governments conclusion. Coker says â€Å"though African Americans m ake up about 12 percent of the national population, they represent close to half of those who are incarcerated for crimes.† (Coker 831) Although these statistics are not exactly current I have yet to see anything to suggest a change. The conclusion I receive from this is that skin color/ethnicity plays a bigger role is sentencing and initial arrests then some evidence that could be presented. Racism is a word that gets thrown around a lot in todays day and age but many do not know what it actually means. It is very hard to decipher whether it is truly racism or just hate. This is what many believe is happening in the police departments and courts around the US. Many do not think it is racism involved or they might not be educated enough to talk about it. However, there are many cases and studies were done on this and some interesting experiences have been found putting the system we rely on into question. Deeply embedded racism is the cause of the unbalanced prisons over the actual crime rate. This is saying that the actual crime rate is not being controlled for all persons but instead people of color are targeted more heavily than whites. It has been shown in a study from Florida that blacks imprisonment rate is up to and even more than 6 times that of whites. (Bales Piquero 743) The reasoning for this varies with each person you ask, but when the numbers are that stagg ering then something is very wrong. I believe that racism is still embedded in our collective minds and we all use it more or less when making decisions. It never really disappeared after the civil war era and are extremely worrying to a majority of America. When you see the statistics and numbers showing these huge racial differences between blacks and white you obviously want it to change right? This is a problem that some are finding out recently. When many people are exposed to these things they dont have that expected response, even when you try to be completely clear and really show them whats really going on they tend to actually go in the other direction. (Eberhardt Hetey 184) This might confuse you and it did me at first too but really it brings me back to what I said before. We are so race-minded that we can not just point out a problem and expect everyone to all get behind it together. When we are faced with an issue that does not directly affect us we rarely muster up much support on the issue. Since this problem isnt blasted over news outlets and kind of shoved aside it goes unnoticed by the general population. This issue with our system in place isnt something we can just pass a law and completely fix it. However, I do believe one issue is possible to fix. In America we are able to defend ourselves in court with attorneys we can buy, however not everyone can do this so we provide for those individuals. The problem isnt that we leave them to fend for themselves is that the resources we give them arent good enough to get a fair and even trial. The underfunded and understaffed public defenders offices are the root cause of this and more times than not it directly affects these minority groups. (Engstrom) Nothing will ever be more eye-opening then looking at the poor community when they are on trial for capital punishment. Is it acceptable to put someones life in the hands of a public defender or should something else be done to ensure they arent going to die because of a mistake a lawyer can make? â€Å"Poor people charged with capital offences in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, Texas, and e lsewhere usually have no alternative except to be represented by attorneys who lack the skill, knowledge, resources, financial incentive and willingness to protect their rights.† (Bright 690) Really this isnt necessarily a race issue, however, we cannot be okay with putting a below average unmotivated lawyer in charge of someones life. It can be fixed by proper funding and training it is only a matter of time before this happens but for now, it is a waiting game. Although this is such a controversial topic the one thing I think we all can agree on is if its true it needs to be fixed sooner rather than later at this point. There are ways to fix this, however. We would need to completely switch the standards for our policing and our court trials. For some, this seems ridiculous and would hurt more than help but when you look at the numbers we already are almost to the point of no return. If you believe that we do not need drastic changes then this quote from Hester and Hartman will change your mind. â€Å"judges will feel ‘‘liberated’’ to individualize the sentence on a variety of factors. This ambiguity increases the likelihood that sentencing decisions might be influenced by the race of the offender (Spohn 2000; Spohn and Cederblom 1991; Spohn and DeLone 2000).† (Hester and Hartman 78) This should scream out to everyone the need for change. Our system should not be incentivized to convict individuals no matter what race. It is a known fact that District Attorneys are rated by their conviction rates and police departments by the number of arrests they make. Justice cannot be incentivized by any means or it goes against the saying I brought up before injustice being blind. In conclusion, the problem with our criminal justice system has 5 factors that contribute to its discriminatory actions we see through the years. The biggest problem we face is the stereotypes drilled into our brains from movies, news, social media. It sticks with you for the rest of your life-altering your decisions. Next, is the deeply embedded racism starting back hundreds of years and we have yet to break through those grasps. This goes hand in hand with how our previous history affects our country today with The New Jim Crow and everything involving the rights of our black Americans. The one factor I think we as a nation should be able to eliminate is the lack of proper resources for defending the poverty-stricken individuals who put their lives in the hands of public defendants. Lastly the fact that it has been proven that the color of your skin can directly impact your conviction and sentencing is beyond me. You should always have a fair and even trial no matter what the charg e or who you are as a person. The systematic racism and stereotyping are essential to the constant discrimination we see on a day to day basis in America. It is only a matter of time before it hits the point of no return.

Essay on The Medias Influence on Teenage Suicide

The Medias Influence on Teenage Suicide Fiction: Only â€Å"bad† kids who have the wrong friends and bad lives commit suicide. Fact: Kids who have the right friends and a bright future in front of them commit suicide. Fiction: Music, movies, and other forms of media do not influence teenagers in any way, shape, or form. Fact: Music, movies, and other forms of media are influencing teenagers to commit suicide. Teenage suicide is on the rise at an alarming rate. While depression and other social pressures play a significant role in suicide among teenagers, there is evidence showing that music, movies, and other ways the media portrays suicide as glamorous and noble is having a major influence on teenagers considering suicide.†¦show more content†¦These causes can vary from depression to drugs to school and family pressures. According to Francine Klagsburn in her book, Too Young to Die, â€Å"No single cause can explain all suicides. Suicide is such a complex matter that it involves every aspect of life.† (121) Anthropologist Edward Westermark was of the same thinking and found there are many motives including disappointed love or jealousy, illness, death of a loved one, shame, pride, anger and revenge (Choron 10). A 1986 government survey attempted to answer the question, â€Å"Is there something different [today] about the sense of despair, the sense of hopelessnessâ € ¦that youngsters feel suicide is a reasonable solution?† (Klagburn, 12) The survey asked experts in suicide research and prevention to list the characteristics of youth at risk of committing suicide. â€Å"Half of the respondents cited family conflicts, more than one-third mentioned physical or sexual abuse, and 17 percent named alcohol or drug abuse† (Worsnop 372). David C. Clark, director of Chicago’s Center for Suicide Research and Prevention, was also quoted, citing some of the suicide triggers of an at risk teen: In the vast majority of cases, they say, there is an underlying mental illness that is responsible for suicide. Clark estimates that about 25 percent of youth suicides are due to depression, 25 percent to alcohol or drug abuse and about 40 percent fall into the category of conduct disorder, which involves a longShow MoreRelatedMedia s Effect On Teens986 Words   |  4 PagesCenters for disease control and prevention (CDC), the suicide rate is currently the third largest leading causes of death among teenagers, and the numbers are growing day by day. Media’s contribution to this upward trend of suicide may be debatable, but we can’t deny the influence of television commercials on teens. Through false advertisements, unrealistic standard of beauty, and social norms, Media is fueling a national epidemic of teen suicide. Despite its downside, Mass Media is widely consideredRead MoreIdealized Body and Social Media964 Words   |  4 Pageshalf of the advertisements using beauty as an appeal to sell their products(Teen Health and the Media), the pressures to be perfect are causing women to become dissatisfied with their looks, driving them to turn to unhealthy measures. The average teenage girl gets a significantly greater amount of media time each day compared to the amount of time they spend with their parents, this is usually around 180 minutes of media per ten minutes spent with their parents (Heubeck). With so much time spent onRead MoreYouth Suicide in Australia: A Report Essay755 Words   |  4 Pageshas done enough to prevent youth suicide by showing the background and social significance of the issue. Furthermore, the participants involved and their controversial opinions related to the issue will be analyzed in this report as well. 2. 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Development studies estimate that the auditory system of a foetus is fully functioning at around 20 weeks of pregnancy; at this point the foetus is able to the mother’s heartbeat and is able to recognise

Counterargument and Peaceful Species Free Essays

IGCSE English as a First Language – The Winchester School, Dubai Ishita Sharma – 11G Argumentative writing: â€Å"Humans are a peaceful species at heart† How far do you agree? Are humans a peaceful species at heart? It’s a difficult task to pick a clear side but many people have many opinions. There are various people who will say yes, humans are a peaceful species at heart but there are equally many people who would say no. After all, it is a broad topic concerning an unpredictable species. We will write a custom essay sample on Counterargument and Peaceful Species or any similar topic only for you Order Now One strong argument in support of this statement would be that if we weren’t a peaceful species how would we co-exist in such a large population in places like mega cities. Furthermore, criminals exist in a minority, how can that tip the scales and make us think that we are a violent species. Also, if we were so violent, why would we organize charities for people we don’t even know? Why would donations exist? If we were not cooperative how would generations of scientists from all over the world discover things such as the atom, medicines etc. The counter-argument to that would be that we could just be cooperating for selfish reasons or from fear of justice. There are many who are against this statement and have just as many points to justify their opinion. The most important point is that if we were so peaceful, why are there such things as wars? A minority of criminals, which is slowly rising, have the ability to kill innocent people, are they not humans too? Why is it that weapons such as guns which were invented to protect the innocent, are now being used to kill them? Terrorism and racism, in other words hatred, have consumed many defenceless beings. It is in human nature in fact, to be aggressive. In our history, there have been massive blood baths for selfish reasons such as a quest for power and even natural resources. We are the reason that the Earth may suffer another Ice Age as we are destroying it on a daily basis. Could it not be that it is a fear of being reprimanded that makes us behave like civil people? After all, just 3000 years or so ago, we were barbarians who fought over land and food, and it seems we continue to do so. In conclusion, after weighing up the arguments, I feel that I am against this statement. Humans are not peaceful as it is not even in our nature to be so. We are the cause of many epidemics and in the end we are the ones who destroy each other and everything around us whether it is for selfish purposes or justice. After all, there is no justification for violence, destruction and of course, selfishness. Comment: Introductory paragraph. Explains the fact that this is a complex topics towards which people have differing opinions. Comment: Reason 1. Argument for Comment: Good example of connective adverb to develop reason 1. Comment: Reason 2 Comment: Bridge sentence, indicating that she is now moving on to the reasons against the topic Comment: Argument sections. Reasons for. Comment: Use of rhetorical questions to bring the reader over to her viewpoint. Comment: Counter argument section. Reasons against. Comment: Conclusion section of the essay. She states her opinion and reiterated the main reason why she doesn’t believe humans are a peaceful species at heart. Overall, this essay scores an A grade. Ishita has followed the structure we discussed in class: clear introduction, followed by argument, counterargument and a conclusion. She has points for and against the topic indicating that she has considered both sides of the argument and is aware of what the proponents and opponents of the statement believe. She has used a few rhetorical questions for emphasis – always a good strategy. Her conclusion was sound: she states her opinion after presenting us with her main reason why she believes humans aren’t a peaceful species at heart. Her sentences are grammatically correct and she makes her points succinctly with a confident economy of words. She could score a higher grade if she focused a little more on elaborating her points for/against. Using a more varied vocabulary would add an extra dimension to her writing and drive home her points all the more effectively. – Mr. Roberts How to cite Counterargument and Peaceful Species, Essay examples

Immigration Detention and Visa Cancellation †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Immigration Detention and Visa Cancellation. Answer: Introduction The case study describes a scenario where a New Zealand citizen, John Smithers, is faced with possible visa cancellation based on character grounds as provided for under section 501 of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth)[1]. Generally, the Act 1958 provides that a non-citizens visa is subject to cancellation where they fail to satisfy the Minister for Immigration or their delegates that they have passed the character test described under the Act.[2] Ultimately, cancellation may result in detention and deportation of the visa holder in question; however, various factors must be considered prior to cancelling a visa.[3] The character test mentioned above considered criminal records and conduct that may pose a national threat; a visa holder with a substantial criminal record or who has been convicted of certain offences is likely to fail the character test and as such may be at risk of visa cancellation.[4] John Smithers, the visa holder in question, is a 24-year-old New Zealand Citizen who has been living and working in Australia for the past 10 years under a Special Category (Temporary) Sub-Class 444 visa together with his elderly parents. Over the past five years, while working at Toyota, Smithers appears to have fallen into bad company and has been faced with various convictions. He has been charged with drunken behaviour, driving without a license, assault, careless driving and most recently burglary with a dangerous weapon. His most recent charge led to a conviction of 3 months imprisonment and a three thousand dollar compensation penalty. John recently found out he would be becoming a father and this has triggered a sense of remorse; he has sort treatment and it is believed that he will be rehabilitated. However, his previous conduct has led to a review of his visa and as such he has been issued with a Notice of intention to Consider Cancellation (NOICC); the notice cites charact er grounds under s 501 (2) of the Act 1958. The following discourse aims to examine the prospects of success for cancellation with regard to the notice as well as any options available to John Smithers in the event that his visa is cancelled. An Evaluation of the Prospects of Success for the NOICC According to s 501 (2) of the Act 1958, the Minister may cancel a visa already granted to a person where they have reasonable justification to suspect the person has failed the character test set out under s 501 (6), or where the visa holder fails to satisfy the minister that they have passed the test; this provision implies that a visa holder has the right to respond or challenge the Ministers suspicions by providing proof that they pass the test within the reasonable time frame which is usually set out in the NOICC.[5] As such, although the ultimate decision lies with the Minister, communication with the visa holder is necessary to avail them an opportunity to defend their character.[6] As aforementioned, the Act 1958 sets out criteria for the character test which guide the Minister in determining the fate of the visa holder. The criteria set out under s 501 (6) (a) to (d) include: a substantial criminal record, conviction for immigration detention offences, association with persons or organisations suspected of engaging in criminal conduct, past and present criminal or general conduct and significant risk in particular types of future conduct.[7] Criminal conduct is determined by length or gravity of a sentence; that is, a person sentenced to death or life imprisonment, a sentence of 12months or more imprisonment, two or more imprisonment terms which culminate in a total of 12 or more months imprisonment and acquittal on ground of mental capacity which results in detention at a facility.[8] In Tewao v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2012)[9] Mr Tewao, a New Zealand citizen had been convicted of aggravated robbery and sentenced to three years and three months imprisonment. The prison length satisfied the 12-month criteria and as such created a substantial criminal record which created character grounds for visa cancellation. Mr Tewao attempted to challenge the decision but courts upheld that his conduct was of a serious nature and that there was a low-moderate risk that the conduct could be repeated. The nature and seriousness of the offence amounted to a national interest to cancel the visa.[10] In determining whether a visa holder is at risk of cancellation based on grounds of imprisonment sentences, it is important to note that aggregate sentences, time on remand, time serves as well as suspended sentences are considered.[11] Under section 501 (3A) time serves may be considered in determining the 12-month imprisonment condition; that includes a past sentence or an ongoing sentence. Further, where a visa holder has been convicted with multiple sentences which add up to 12 or more months of imprisonment then they may be at risk of visa cancellation under the discretionary provisions of s 501 (7) of the Act 1958. Additionally, suspended sentences are considered for the purposes of calculating the 12 months imprisonment condition as held in Meng Kok Te v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs [1999]. The Ministerial Direction No 65 provides further guidelines for consideration with regard to visa refusal and cancellation under the provisions of section 501 of the Act 1958. According to the direction, one of the considerations to make is the nature and seriousness of the conduct in question.[13] With regard to this, the Minister or decision maker considers the extent of violence involved, the nature of the crime such as sexual crimes, and the vulnerable group at risk or who were victim to the crime. Vulnerable groups include the elderly, minors and the disabled community members among others. Further, the decision maker considers whether there is a rising trend or increasing seriousness where the visa holder is a repeat offender. Statistics show some of the offences which have led to visa cancellations include assault, robbery, people smuggling and murder among other violent and non-violent offences.[14] The Minister or their delegate is tasked with providing certain supporting information as a matter of policy when a Notice of Intention to Consider Cancellation is issued under s 501 (2). According to the Procedures Advice Manual (PAM), the notice should include information that highlights which alleged activities or conduct raise suspicion under s 501(2). Where the ground relied upon is a substantial criminal record then the criminal history or official records highlighting the conviction should be referenced. This should include any further evidence or information at the departments disposal which has been relied on to prepare the notice. Further, the visa holder should be invited to comment or challenge the grounds outlined in the NOICC and the manner for response and jurisdiction for the same should be provided for with the notice.[15] Having considered the legal requirements and supporting information necessary for the success of a NOICC, the discourse proceeds to apply these findings to the case study in question. Firstly, in considering the establishment of a substantial criminal record, the length of time of imprisonment is a significant factor. John Smithers has been convicted twice, the first conviction carried a two-month sentence which was suspended, the second a three-month sentence which he was to serve. The three-month sentence does not meet the threshold set under the provisions of the Act 1958, however, as aforementioned, suspended convictions are considered for purposes of counting. The overall sentence totals to 5 months, this is still significantly below the set threshold of 12 months. However, courts also consider the seriousness of the offence and the risk of future offences. On his second offence, John Smithers was charged with assault, in his third offence, he was charged with burglary with a le thal weapon. According to statistics, these offences are common considerations for cancellation by the department. Further, his conduct illuminates a trend whereby he appears to be under peer pressure and alcohol influence when he commits offences. However, the seriousness of the offences appears to be escalating. Guided by the rationale in Tewao v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2012], these would be sufficient grounds for cancellation. However, the decision maker, guided by the Direction No 65, has to consider other factors such as the impact on family members as well as prospects of reform or rehabilitation. All in all, the final decision lies at the discretion of the Minister and as per the holding in Tewao v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2012], the cancellation has sufficient grounds for success. Options Available to the Visa Holder According to s 501 CA of the Act 1958, once a decision to cancel a visa is made, the Minister is required to give the non-citizen notice of the decision and invite them to seek revocation guided by the provisions of the Migration Regulations 1994 (Cth). Regulation 2.52 provides for the procedure for making representations to the minister citing reasons why the decision should be revoked. The representations must be made within 28 days after the original notice is given and should be in writing including relevant particulars with regard to the former visa holder. If no action is taken by the visa holder within the 28-day timeline, the right to request revocation of the decision to cancel is lost.[16] Additionally, where a section 501 cancellation is made by a delegate it is possible to appeal or apply for review at the Administration Appeals Tribunal,[17] however, decisions by Ministers can only be subjected to the aforementioned request for revocation.[18] Guided by the aforementioned provisions, where the decision for cancellation was made by a delegate, John Smithers has the right to apply for appeal at the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) and highlight reasons why the decision was contrary to the character test and other relevant considerations highlighted under the Direction No. 65. Where he is dissatisfied with the decision of the tribunal, further legal recourse can be sought in court as was the case in Tewao v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2012]. It is likely, if John Smithers opts to challenge the delegates decision, that the case would take longer than the current sentence, as such, it is important to note that he may be held in detention as his appeal is determined. However, where the decision to cancel the visa was issued by the Minister under the discretionary powers provided for in the Act 1958, John Smithers has the option of applying for revocation within 28 days of notice of the decision. This applicati on, as aforementioned, must be in writing and subject to the provisions of the Act 1958. Failure to apply for revocation within the stipulated timeframe would lead to loss of any recourse and as such John Smithers would likely be deported. Conclusion Generally, the case study in question explores the grounds and considerations for visa cancellation as well as options available to visa holders whose visas are cancelled under s 501 grounds. According to these provisions, the Minister reserves the right to cancel a visa where they have reasonable grounds to suspect that the visa holder has failed the character test. The test considers the conduct of the visa holder, particularly criminal conduct. Where the visa holder has been convicted or portrays conduct that places the community at risk, the Minster can cancel their visa. The criteria for cancellation include imprisonment for 12 months and more, violent or sexual offence crimes, association with criminal groups among others. As discussed above, the nature and seriousness of the offence or conduct and possibility for repeat offences are also significant in determining the character of the visa holder. The visa cancellation process is likely to succeed as John Smithers conduct has been previously violent, additionally, the degree of seriousness has been escalating with each offence and peer pressure and alcohol influence appear to play a major role in contributing to his conduct. In previous cases, these elements have led to cancellation and deportation of visa holders. However, Smithers convictions do not reach the 12-month threshold and as such he has ground to attempt to convince the Minister or the tribunal to reverse a cancellation decision. This can be done by making a request for revocation where the decision was made by the Minister or an application for appeal with the AAT where the decision was made by a delegate. Bibliography Administrative Appeals Tribunal, Fact Sheet- Expedited Review of Decisions under Section 501 Or 501CA of the Migration Act 1958 (2017) Administrative Appeals Tribunal https://www.aat.gov.au/AAT/media/AAT/Files/Fact%20Sheets/Fact-Sheet-for-Applicants-Expedited-review-of-s501-or-501CA-decisions.pdf Freckelton, Alan, Administrative Decision-Making in Australian Migration Law (ANU eText, 2015) Australian Human Rights Commission, Background paper: Human rights issues raised by visa refusal or cancellation under section 501 of the Migration Act (2013) Australian Human Rights Commission https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/document/publication/section_501_paper.pdf Australian Human Rights Commission, Background paper: Immigration detention and visa cancellation under section 501 of the Migration Act (March 2010) Refworld https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4ec3a6052.pdf CCH Australia, Australian Master Human Resources Guide (8th ed, CCH Australia Ltd 2010) Neave, Colin AM, The Department of Immigration and Border Protection: The Administration of Section 501 of the Migration Act 1958 Report No 08 of 2016 (Commonwealth Ombudsman, 2016) Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Fact Sheet- The Character Requirement (2017) Australian Government https://www.border.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/79character Turner Coulson Immigration Lawyers, Character cancellation under section 501 (2017) Turner Coulson Immigration Lawyers https://tcilawyers.com.au/character-cancellation-under-section-501-2.html Victoria Legal Aid, Mandatory Visa Cancellations-Information for Lawyers (2017) Victoria Legal Aid

Strategic Management Products and Services

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management for Products and Services. Answer: Introduction The following analysis highlights the features of fast cycle market and standard cycle market and its competitive edge over others. For the better understanding of the given proposition, Toyota Motors have been selected as the organization in this regard. Standard and fast cycle market The market cycle may be divided into various segments, namely, standard cycle, fast cycle and others. If the market is based on slow cycle, then the most important rival would be different from fast cycle market conditions. On the other hand, there are strategic alliances that are found in slow market cycles. The various reasons include enhancement of access to the restricted market and foundation of a new franchisee in a new market and maintenance of market stability (Bansal and DesJardine 2014). The competitive advantage may be attained by the organization by comprehending copyrights, patents, geography and others. Thus, it would be more efficient and convenient for the organization to be a market leader in the auto industry. The competitive edge is oriented to maintain, protect and widen the various advantages exit in the market if the competitive advantage is developed (Choi et al. 2014). The competitive advantages of a firm are safeguarded from that of imitation. The reason of t his is, imitation happening promptly in fast cycle market conditions. The competitive advantage of the firm is not sustainable in the course of this period of the cycle. On the other hand, standard market cycle and fast cycle market are less effective than others owing to a rapid decline in the prices of organizational products and services that also contributes to declining in productivity (McLean and Zhao 2014). Business instance of standard cycle market The significant competitor of Ford is considered to be Toyota Motors Company. The noteworthy players are dependent on market cycle and condition of the market. In standard market conditions, Ford may take one type of competitive advantage from Toyota Motors (Braun 2012). As per the given instance, Ford Motors may use the technology for manufacturing of premium products and services to assume competitive advantages in the fast market cycle. The change in the profit of the organizations would result in a change of significant players. In the given case, Ford has to spur various innovative products to assume as a notable player in the industry (Chatterjee 2013). Utility of fast cycle in business Fast cycle time is however not an alien concept of business strategic management. Nowadays, business managers in more complex organizations are availing competitive advantage by making major changes in the management of the companies. The fast cycle time exerts two major roles. It is an organizational capability, and level of performance that the management builds and shapes into the firms operating systems and also the attitude of the resources. The main idea of fast cycle time is to formulate an organization which functions without errors, inventories, and bottlenecks that most companies operate with. Secondly, the fast cycle is a management model, which propels a management how to assume competitive advantage in the sector. The fast cycle option contributes to better performance across the ranks of the organization (Bansal and DesJardine 2014). Costs fall as production materials collect fewer overheads and do not accrue as work-in-process inventory. Also, customer service experien ces improvement since the lead time on order receipt to shipment decreases. This impels in higher quality in operations which boosts the company to keep the organization in proximity to the consumers (Morden 2016). Instance of fast cycle market To elucidate the topic, it is imperative to introduce the instance of McDonald in the given context. The fast cycle markets help the company to undertake faster decisions, develop new products and increase the efficiency in customer deliverables (McLean and Zhao 2014). Student Post (discussion) Fast cycle is not something new relating to business strategy. Firms accomplish sustainable competitive advantage by initiating drastic changes in the ranks of the organization. This enables them to make decisions faster. The factual reality is fast cycle method helps in developing new products, services and solution for a given firm. This results in creating unique value for the organization, by and large. This is a typical management model which impels any organization with competitive advantage that the firm may exercise over others in the business domain. On the other hand, standard-cycle reflects service being rendered to a large segment of customers in competitive market conditions. While fast cycle aims to gain competitive advantage over players, the later entails over service being delivered to a vast range of customers. In this case, competitive advantage is less specific in nature, and therefore standard-cycle entities can replicate the model and perform their objectives in slow-cycle market conditions. Conclusion The above discussion analyses the effectiveness of fast cycle in the business parlance by introducing Ford Motor Company and McDonalds as instances which explicate the given topic in the best possible manner. Reference list Bansal, P. and DesJardine, M.R., 2014. Business sustainability: It is about time. Strategic Organization, 12(1), pp.70-78. Braun, C., 2012. Economic Analysis of Fast Spectrum Reactors. In Fast Spectrum Reactors (pp. 39-46). Springer US. Chatterjee, S., 2013. Simple rules for designing business models. California Management Review, 55(2), pp.97-124. Choi, T.M., Hui, C.L., Liu, N., Ng, S.F. and Yu, Y., 2014. Fast fashion sales forecasting with limited data and time. Decision Support Systems, 59, pp.84-92. McLean, R.D. and Zhao, M., 2014. The business cycle, investor sentiment, and costly external finance. The Journal of Finance, 69(3), pp.1377-1409. Morden, T., 2016. Principles of strategic management. Routledge.