Accepting an Expert Claim

Accepting an Expert Claim Argument Experts are individuals or organizations proved to be quite knowledgeable and have authority in a particular field. Most organizations prefer hiring and consulting experts in different skills and service delivery. However, this does not guarantee a perfect result for the organization or the company, as many factors may affect the service delivery by the experts. In such cases, the experts are bound to perform against the expectations. Business organizations explore various methods of making decisions that implement business operations. In this work, an argument is based on the following. This paper presents an argument about the expert claim in making decisions. In particular, the paper seeks to explain the rationality of accepting an expert claim in an event that the expert turn out to be erroneous. It is unreasonable to accept the expert claims without evaluating and examining such claims. Although experts are believed to be more knowledgeable in their areas of specialization, any person assigning duties by the expert remains accountable for their actions. In business, leader plays a great role in making business decisions which are more effective. For a business to succeed, it relies upon the decisions made by its leaders. Attaining skills in making effective decisions requires intuition, education and experience. According to Reynolds (2011), effective decisions should be interpreted, explained, evaluated and analyzed before being executed. Before accepting a claim from the expert, the claim should also be examined, analyzed and evaluate properly. Without paying attention to the above process, there is a risk of one facing the consequences of claim taken. Nevertheless, decision making in business involves the following steps. First is the identification of the problem. A specific problem must be revealed before attending to it. Identifying a specific problem enables one to identify a way of solving it. Secondly, the possible solutions for the problem should be well analyzed. This gives a wider range of options that can be considered. In fulfilling this, the decision maker will be able to compare the risks and consider a solution with the lowest risk. Accepting the claims from the experts without considering the risks and the alternatives is unreasonable. The third step is evaluating the probabilities closer to achieving the goal. At this stage, the decision maker can evaluate if the possible solution selected will assist in achieving the right decision. The forth step is making the actual decision (Hew Cheung, 2014). The decision is therefore made having considered many factors; therefore, failure to follow this reasonable process in making business decisions, errors are prone to occur. Business decision making should be a collaborative function that needs the contribution of the concerned parties. Experts in a specific field are to be consulted on the best way of executing a function. However, some experts may not be experienced enough to fulfill the requirements of a given task. Upon involving the experts in decision making, proper evaluation, examination and analysis should be done before a solution is adopted. Furthermore, no matter the position in an organization, each person is accountable his or her decisions. Thinking is a skill that is not naturally endowed but needs to be practiced (Ennis, 2015), and it is the responsibility of everyone to train his/her mind to think critically, and make sound decisions. Reasoning describes ones capacity to think rationally, and making the right business decisions require rational thinking. It is unreasonable enough to take in the opinions from the experts without examining such opinions through rational and critical thinking. References Ennis, R. H. (2015). Critical thinking: A streamlined conception. In The Palgrave handbook of critical thinking in higher education (pp. 31-47). Palgrave Macmillan US. Hew, K. F., Cheung, W. S. (2014). Improving Social Studies Students Critical Thinking. In Using Blended Learning (pp. 59-78). Springer Singapore. Reynolds, Martin (2011). Critical thinking and systems were thinking: towards a critical literacy for systems thinking in practice. In: Horvath, Christopher P. and Forte, James M. eds. Critical Thinking. New York, USA: Nova Science Publishers, pp. 37-68.

Implications of Pure Food Act in Bangladesh

University of Dhaka Faculty of Business Studies Department of Marketing IMPLICATIONS OF PURE FOOD ACT IN BANGLADESH Submitted to Shehely Parvin Assistant Professor Submitted by NADEEM NAFIS – 4119044 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 2 Adulteration runs rampant in the country. Dangers lurk in every food items. From vegetables, fish, milk, fruit, sweetmeats, ice cream, to spices, nothing is safe. Packaged and bottled drinks, both locally produced and imported, with harmful ingredients and chemicals are being sold in the market. Many of the dry food items available in the market are being produced in bewildering unhygienic locations.Oblivious of the dangers lurking in the everyday food items, parents now ask their children to eat foods that contain vitamins, iron and calcium. Though there is a law but still no effect or it is ineffective. However in doing this report I feel luck to aware myself and eventually it will give me knowledge to make aware others people around me. I would like to g ive a big thanks to Shehely Parvin, Assistant professor of Department of Marketing, University of Dhaka and course teacher of MKT-510- Business Environment. This course made me to undertake the responsibility of preparing a project on â€Å"Implications of pure food act in Bangladesh†.This report is required as a part of fulfilling the objectives of a project course (MKT-510) Nadeem Nafis 41119044 MKT-510 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Food adulteration in the country has assumed alarming proportions. Experts in medical biology point out that consumption of adulterated food affects people with kidney dysfunction, diabetes and cardiac problems. They further point out that one of the important reasons for infertility is the presence of residues of pesticides, growth hormones, heavy metals and mycotoxins in our food. The main reason for this is that our farmers are not properly trained in the use of chemical fertilisers.Absence of effluent treatment plants on one hand (ETP) and lack of train ing of the farmers, the factory wastes, fertiliser and pesticide residues are drained out at will into the farmlands, ultimately contaminating the farm at large. A study by the Institute of Public health revealed that more than 50% food samples including water which they had tested were adulterated. According to D. G. , BSTI the production of contaminated drinking water has been increasing in the country. BSTI revealed that about 1,000 drinking water factories exist in the country, only 400 of which have licenses from the BSTI.Bottlers of drinking water factories have mushroomed with little regard to compliance of standard or BSTI license. Despite BSTI cancelling the licenses of 139 bottling factories in the last 18 months, there has been no news in setting up new factories in new locations. The result: Children and aged people are facing constant threat of diseases even with the bottled water produced by these factories. Textile dyes are being randomly used to colour sweetmeats lik e kalojam, chamcam, pantua cakes and pastries. Urea fertiliser is used for whitening puffed rice.A section of factory owners, through use of other low quality oil and mustard colour, continue to market mustard oil. Sadly, in most cases they are using allyl isothiocyanate to give off a mustard oil extra bite. 3 MKT-510 When the import of soyabean oil becomes uncertain or the price shoots up globally, the local market manipulators resort to dishonest means. Unscrupulous millers resort to mixing soyabean oil with poor quality palm oil or super oil. In the domain of fruits and vegetables there prevails a total anarchy. Gullible consumers are buying fruits, locally produced or imported, from malls not realising what they are bargaining for.Many people in the country have stopped buying fruits, especially mangoes from the city markets after watching the destruction of formalin and ethofen-laced mangoes and grapes by the mobile courts on TV. Papya and bananas are artificially ripened by ch emicals like ethylene oxide and formalin. Experts in medical biology point out that ethylene oxide is carcinogenic and when used over food might invite a disaster. The key findings of the EPA study group suggest that many children may develop cancer sometime during their lifetime as a result of the pesticide or toxic-laden products they consume.The test conducted by BSTI-run mobile courts on fruit samples like mango, banana, lichis and jackfruit collected from Badamtali, Amin bazaar and Karwan bazar show the presence of formalin and ethofen, which in the short term will cause diarrhea, food poisoning and gastrointestinal disorder but in the long-term will accumulate to serious health implications. Fish is considered an essential protein for people of all categories and ages. Many fish sellers spray fish with formalin (formaldehyde gas mixed with methyl alcohol), an organic chemical, usually used for preserving tissues.It makes the fish appear stiff and fresh for a longer period of t ime. Regular intake of such adulterated fish and vegetables might cause cancer. The month of Ramadan will bring more such woes for Muslims because of the excessive fried items sold for a month. A section of restaurant owners use refined engine oil to fry chickens, kabab, peaju and potato crisps. Engine oil used as cooking ingredient makes food tasty, claim a section of the restaurant 4 MKT-510 owners. Defying health department regulations, many restaurant owners and street vendors use leftover cooking oil.This increases the peroxide limit of the oil, turning it toxic. The NRDC report goes on to charge that the governments of the countries surveyed are failing to adequately protect the youngsters from such dangers. Given the fact that children are consuming toxic food, they are likely to be more vulnerable than adults. Their organs may not be as efficient in removing toxic chemicals. In Bangladesh, we have allowed both pollution and food contamination to run riot. No agency other tha n BSTI has conducted any examination of the pesticide-residue levels or toxic chemicals in the food market.With a totally inefficient monitoring system, just having tough laws is not enough to keep unscrupulous traders from tampering with food items. BSTI sources revealed that it conducted 1,039 mobile courts across the country in seven months from July last year to February this year and detected rampant malpractice and adulteration in the food production centres. Some Tk. 23. 8 million were realised as fine during the drives while 1,086 cases were filed and 66 people were sent to jail. According to DG, BSTI, adulteration problem could be controlled easily if the DCC performed its job properly.The DCC is supposed to do so instead of BSTI.. DCC have their own magistrates while BSTI has to hire magistrates from the district administration. Despite the Pure Food Ordinance 2005, there was hardly any effort to enforce it. Even when the country's apex court issued orders again in 2009 fo r setting up food court and one food testing centre in every district, no effort was taken to implement it. With 50million people in the country known to be afflicted with complicated diseases by taking adulterated food, the administration has got to be scary.Given the political will, it is not very difficult to control this nefarious business by a handful of traders out to kill people slowly through poison; simply for minting money. 5 MKT-510 God forbid! What will happen if one of their near relations get affected with some deadly diseases by taking such adulterated food? 6 MKT-510 CONTENTS Description Page 9 9 10 11 12 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 20 23 27 29 30 30 30 7 1 1. 1 1. 2 Introduction Background of the report Scope of the report 2 2. 1 2. 1. 1 2. 1. 2 2. 1. 3 2. 1. 4 2. 1. 5 2. 2 Food safety: A public health priorityMajor issues in food safety Microbiological hazards Chemical hazards Surveillance of food borne dieses New technologies Capacity building Importance of food safet y 3 3. 1 3. 1. 1 3. 1. 2 3. 1. 3 3. 1. 4 Food safety & quality control framework in Bangladesh Laws , regulations & standards Laws & regulations Bangladesh pure food ordinance, 2005 in detail Analysis of food Bangladesh food standards 4 4. 1 4. 1. 1 Implications of pure food act in Bangladesh Using chemicals & industrial dyes to look food fresh & tasty Arsenic phosphorous & the carbide produces acetylene gasMKT-510 4. 1. 2 4. 1. 3 4. 1. 4 4. 1. 5 4. 1. 6 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 Fish in kitchen market are stored in formaldehyde Condense milk Sulphuric acid & industrial dyes Formaldehyde Do you have formaldehyde related symptoms? Adulterated food The drive against adulterate food Laboratory analysis of food 31 32 34 35 36 38 40 42 44 44 46 47 48 50 8 5 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 Implementation of food ordinance Administration & inspection Efforts by NGO’s WHO/FAO supported food safety program in Bangladesh 6 7 Conclusion & Recommendations References MKT-510 1. INTRODUCTION 1. Background of the Repo rt 9 Food safety legislation should be developed and updated taking into consideration specific needs of consumers and food producers, development in technology, emerging hazards, changing consumer demands and new requirements for trade, harmonization with international and regional standards, obligations under the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements, as well as social, religious and cultural habits. The implementation of food safety legislation throughout the food chain is essential in establishing an effective food safety system.Effective national food control systems are essential to protect the health and safety of domestic consumers. They are also critical in enabling countries to assure the safety and quality of their foods entering international trade and to ensure that imported foods conform to national requirements. The new global environment for food trade places considerable obligations on both importing and exporting countries to strengthen their food control syste ms and to implement and enforce risk-based food control strategiesThe pure Food Act 2005 is the Bangladeshi food legislations that form the backbone of the food safety programme. The objective of the pure Food Act 2005 is to ensure that the public is protected from health hazards and fraud in the preparation, sale and use of foods and for matters connected therewith. MKT-510 1. 2 Scope of the report There are numerous types of implications are now occurring against pure food act of Bangladesh but we are unable to depict all of these fields of events. However in this report the major concerns are delicately depicted.Again due to time, information & synchronization stricture all details are not fully exposed. But in general if one goes through this report then he/she will find very interesting & can learn the impact not only on our society but also on the rest of the world. 10 1. 3 Objective of the Study This report has an objective to study, measure and analyze the implication, imple mentation & performance of Bangladesh Pure Food Ordinance, 2005. This report has divided into five major chapters, mainly focuses on 1. To know about Pure food act of Bangladesh 2. Implications of pure act in Bangladesh 3.Recommendations for proper implementation of pure food act MKT-510 2. FOOD SAFETY: A PUBLIC HEALTH PRIORITY Safe food contributes to health and productivity and provides an effective platform for development and poverty alleviation. People are becoming increasingly concerned about the health risks posed by microbial pathogens and potentially hazardous chemicals in food. Up to one-third of the populations of developed countries are affected by food borne illness each year, and the problem is likely to be even more widespread in developing countries.The poor are the most susceptible to ill-health. Food and waterborne diarrhoeal diseases, for example, are leading causes of illness and death in less developed countries, killing an estimated 2. 2 million people annually , most of whom are children. 11 Diarrhoea is the most common symptom of food borne illness, but other serious consequences include kidney and liver failure, brain and neural disorders, and death. Food safety refers to the potential hazards associated with food that can cause ill-health in humans.Certain of these hazards are naturally-occurring (for example aflatoxins in groundnuts), whilst others occur through contamination (for example pesticide residues in fruit). The potential hazards associated with food include the following (Unnevehr and Hirschhorn, 2000; WHO, 2002a): Food safety is of particular concern in a developing country context not only because of the high prevalence of food-borne illness and other hazards associated with food, but also because of the considerable economic and social costs that, in turn, reflect prevailing levels of economic development. MKT-510 2. MAJOR ISSUES IN FOOD SAFETY Food borne illness can be caused by microbiological, chemical or physical haz ards. The nature and extent of these risks are being elucidated by an increasing body of scientific data, although several areas of information gathering, such as the surveillance of food borne illness, need to be strengthened. There is also mounting concern about new technologies and especially the introduction of genetically modified organisms into the food supply. 12 2. 1. 1 Microbiological hazards Food borne illness caused by microorganisms is a large and growing public health problem.Most countries with systems for reporting cases of food borne illness have documented significant increases over the past few decades in the incidence of diseases caused by microorganisms in food, including pathogens such as Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli, and parasites such as cryptosporidium, cryptospora, trematodes. Approximately 1. 8 million children in developing countries (excluding China) died from diarrhoeal disease in 1998, caused by microbiologica l agents, mostly originating from food and water.One person in three in industrialized countries may be affected by food borne illness each year. In the USA, some 76 million cases of food borne illness, resulting in 3,25,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths, are estimated to occur each year. There are only limited data on the economic consequences of food contamination and food borne disease. In studies in the USA in 1995, it was estimated that the annual cost of the 3. 3–12 million cases of food borne illness caused by seven pathogens was US $6. 5–35 billion.The medical costs and the value of the lives lost during just five food borne outbreaks in England and Wales in 1996 were estimated at UK? 300–700 million. The cost of the estimated 11 500 daily cases of food poisoning in Australia was calculated at AU$ 2. 6 billion annually. The increased incidence of food borne disease due to microbiological hazards is the result of a multiplicity of factors, all associa ted with our fast-changing world. Demographic profiles are MKT-510 being altered, with increasing proportions of people who are more susceptible to microorganisms in food.Changes in farm practices, more extensive food distribution systems and the increasing preference for meat and poultry in developing countries all have the potential to increase the incidence of food borne illness. Extensive food distribution systems raise the potential for rapid, widespread distribution of contaminated food products. Changes in food production result in new types of food that may harbor less common pathogens. Intensive animal husbandry technologies, introduced to minimize production costs, have led to the emergence of new zoonotic diseases, which affect humans.Safe disposal of manure from large-scale animal and poultry production facilities is a growing food safety problem in much of the world, as manure frequently contains pathogens. Changes in eating patterns, such as a preference for fresh and minimally processed foods, the increasingly longer interval between processing and consumption of foods and the increasing prevalence of eating food prepared outside the home all contribute to the increased incidences of food borne illness ascribed to microbiological organisms. The emergence of new pathogens and Pathogens not previously associated with food are a major public health concern.E. coli O157:H7 was identified for the first time in 1979 and has subsequently caused illness and deaths (especially among children) owing to its presence in ground beef, unpasteurized apple cider, milk, lettuce, alfalfa and other sprouts, and drinking-water in several countries. Salmonella typhimurium DT104 has developed resistance to five commonly prescribed antibiotics and is a major concern in many countries because of its rapid spread during the 1990s. These changes in microbiological hazards in foods have been recognized by the World Health Assembly and by Codex.The 22nd session of the Code x Alimentarius Commission and the 45th Codex Executive Committee requested FAO and WHO to convene an international expert advisory body similar to the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and the Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) on the microbiological aspects of food safety to address in particular microbiological risk assessment. The results of these risk assessments will provide the scientific basis for measures to reduce illness from microbiological hazards in foods. 13 MKT-510Effective management of microbiological hazards is enhanced through the use of tools such as Microbiological Risk Assessment (MRA) and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) systems. Sound microbiological risk assessment provides an understanding of the nature of the hazard, and is a tool to set priorities for interventions. HACCP is a tool for process control through the identification of critical control points. The ultimate goal is improvement of public health, and both MRA and HACCP are means to that end. 14 2. 1. 2 Chemical hazardsChemicals are a significant source of foodborne illness, although effects are often difficult to link with a particular food. Chemical contaminants in food include natural toxicants such as mycotoxins and marine toxins, environmental contaminants such as mercury, lead, radionuclides and dioxins, and naturally occurring chemicals in plants, such as glycoalkaloids in potatoes. Food additives and nutrients such as vitamins and essential minerals, pesticide and veterinary drug residues are deliberately used to increase or improve the food supply, but assurance must first be obtained that all such uses are safe.Chemical contamination of food can affect health after a single exposure or, more often, after longterm exposure; however, the health consequences of exposure to chemicals in food are often inadequately understood. While assessments of the risks associated with exposure to pesticides, veterinary drugs and food additiv es are usually supported by extensive information, fewer data are available on the toxicology of contaminants in food. New understanding of the potential for chemicals to affect the immune, endocrine and developing nervous systems should continue to be incorporated into hazard characterizations of chemicals in food.Risk assessments must take into account the potential risks of sensitive population groups such as children, pregnant women and the elderly. They must also address concern about cumulative, lowlevel exposure to multiple chemicals. Testing procedures and other methods of assessment for adequate evaluation of these potential risks are being developed and validated. Estimates of the exposure of specific subpopulations are often hampered by inadequate data on dietary intake and on levels of contamination of food.This lack of information is exacerbated in developing countries, where MKT-510 little reliable information is available on the exposure of their populations to chemic als in food. Public awareness about chemicals in food is relatively high, and consumers continue to express concern about the risks to health due to the deliberate addition of chemicals to food. Increasing concern is also being expressed about the introduction of contaminants into the food chain from industrial pollution of the environment.Recognition that some pesticide residues and other chemicals may affect the hormonal system has further heightened public concern about persistant organic pollutants (POPs). The challenges for risk assessment of chemicals include consideration of susceptible populations such as children, pregnant women and the elderly, cumulative low-level exposure to multiple chemicals and effects on fetal neural development. Work is needed to develop and validate methods to evaluate these potential risks adequately.The Global Environment Monitoring System – Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme (GEMS/Food) database should be expanded to i nclude more countries and more comprehensive data on the food intake of subpopulations and on the concentrations of contaminants in food commodities. Improved risk assessments with minimized uncertainty will provide a better, more acceptable basis for international and national standard setting and reduce concern about the safety of food. 15 2. 1. 3 Surveillance of food borne disease Outbreaks of foodborne disease attract media attention and raise consumer concern.However, cases of foodborne illness occur daily in all countries, from the most to the least developed. As most of these cases are not reported, the true dimension of the problem is unknown, and efforts to secure the resources and support necessary for the identification and implementation of effective solutions often fail. Effective control of foodborne disease must be based on evaluated information about foodborne hazards and the incidence of foodborne disease. Development of a strategy to reduce foodrelated risks requir es knowledge about the current levels of foodborne disease in Member States.It must also be based on an appreciation of the targets and time-frame for improving food safety. This should be an on-going process, in which new targets are set when old ones are achieved, and progress should be monitored continuously in targeted surveys. MKT-510 The absence of reliable data on the burden of foodborne disease impedes understanding about its public health importance and prevents the development of risk-based solutions to its management. Innovative strategies and methods are needed for surveying foodborne disease and food contamination.A laboratory-based surveillance system should be based on sentinel sites and regional and/or international laboratory networks. A necessary prerequisite for risk-based strategies based on optimized surveys is an interdisciplinary approach involving strong collaboration among all sectors dealing with foodborne disease surveillance and food safety in the health sector. 16 2. 1. 4 New Technologies New technologies, such as genetic engineering, irradiation of food, ohmic heating and modified atmosphere packaging, can be used to increase agricultural production, extend shelf life or make food safer.Their potential benefit for public health is great: for example, genetic engineering of plants has the potential to increase the nutrient content of foods, decrease their allergenicity and improve the efficiency of food production. However, the potential public health effects of these technologies have raised concern globally during the past decade. Some new technologies benefit the health and economy of communities and contribute to sustainable development. However, countries should be provided with the results of objective, rigorous assessments of the potential risks associated with these technologies before being asked to accept them.Moreover, countries should be assisted in developing capacities to evaluate such results. The basis for the safet y assessments should be easy to understand and well communicated, so that the public can be involved at the early stages of this process. The evaluation should be based on internationally agreed principles that include factors other than considerations of safety and risk, such as (health) benefits, socioeconomic factors, ethical issues and environmental assessments.These considerations should be developed with other WHO partners such as FAO, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the World Bank. MKT-510 2. 1. 5 Capacity building Most developed countries continue to expand the capacity to protect their populations from exposure to unacceptable levels of microorganisms and chemicals in food. Public awareness of the risks involved is relatively high in these countries, and many governments have made clear commitments to improve food safety.Developing countries have many competing priorities in their health agendas, and food safety has not, in the past, been recognized as a vital public health issue. However, it is becoming clear that foodborne disease has a significant impact on health. The globalization of the food trade and the development of international food standards have also raised awareness of food safety in developing countries. Placing food safety on the political agenda is the first vital step in reducing foodborne illness. The consumption of locally produced food is more common in developing countries.Fewer processed and packaged foods are available, large volumes of fresh food are traded in traditional markets, and food eaten outside the home is typically prepared by street vendors. Most of the concern for food safety is related to inappropriate use of agricultural chemicals, poor storage of food, an absence of food inspection, lack of infrastructure such as potable water and adequate refrigeration and lack of awareness about food safety and hygiene. Many developing coun tries are poorly equipped to respond to existing and emerging food safety problems.They lack technical and financial resources, an effective institutional framework, trained manpower and sufficient information about the hazards and risks involved. The risks are especially great in countries where low national income coincides with rapid industrial and agricultural development. 17 MKT-510 2. 2 Importance of Food Safety †¢ Food safety and sanitation are considered to be a key issue to ensure overall food security in Bangladesh. †¢ Food is the major source of human exposure to pathogenic agents, both chemical and biological (viruses, parasites, bacteria), from which no individual is spared.The importance of food safety stems from: (1) food being the primary mode of transmission of infectious disease; (2) the intricate linkage with development- governs individual and community health, national productivity, and promotes export potential & thus earn foreign exchange; (3) emerge d as prominent sources of conflict in international agricultural trade. 18 †¢ Biotechnology has raised some food safety concerns as new scientific methods to assess the safety of food derived from biotechnology have yet to be developed and agreed upon internationally. †¢ †¢In Bangladesh ;90 % tube wells of 61 districts (out of 64) are contaminated with arsenic. Urban population are gradually shifting from cereal-based diets and would likely generate a demand for fish, livestock, horticultural, forest produce as well as processed items, in turn necessitating safety load of associated transport, storage and marketing infrastructure. MKT-510 3. Food Safety and Quality Control Framework in Bangladesh 19 Bangladesh has achieved a significant progress in health & nutrition of the people. In spite of this progress, still the infant mortality rate is 51/1000 and maternal mortality ratio is 3/1000 livebirths.Some one third of the children born with low birth weight and only 11 . 5 % of preschool age children are nutritionally normal. ‘Diarrhoeal diseases' is one of the major public health problems in the country. Some two third of these diarrhoeal diseases are food and water borne. At present, more than 30 million people are facing arsenic problem in drinking water and some 70-80 million people are threatened with the problem. Bangladesh is yet to develop a unified Food Safety Administration System and to formulate a Food Safety Policy.But it has a National Food and Nutrition Policy where attention has been given on food safety. There are significant activities in food safety and quality control are going on in the country. A number of Ministries, Departments and Agencies are involved in these activities with a major responsibility of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW) which has a unique infrastructure to deliver its services throughout the country. Under this Ministry, Management Information System on food safety and food borne illne sses is some extent integrated with the Primary Health Care Programme.It may be mentioned here Bangladesh has signed the WTO Agreement. In Bangladesh, the food safety and quality control framework consists of Laws, Regulations & Standards, Administration & Inspection and Laboratory analytical services. MKT-510 3. 1 LAWS, REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS 3. 1. 1 LAWS AND REGULATIONS 20 (a) The Bangladesh Pure Food Ordinance, 1959: This is an ordinance to provide better control of the manufacture and sale of food for human consumption. Now, this Ordinance is under revision as ‘The Bangladesh Pure Food (Amendment) Act, 2004. Under this Act, it has been proposed to constitute aNational Food Safety Council ‘headed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare as well as to establish Food Courts. (b) The Bangladesh Pure Food Rules, 1967:. In this Rule, there are generic standards for 107 food products. Now, this ‘Rules' is under revision. (c) The Special Power Act, 1974 (Act No XIV of 1974-as modified up to the 31st July, 1978): An Act to provide special measures for the prevention of certain prejudicial activities, for more speedy trial and effective punishment of certain grave offences. (d) The Food Grain Supply (Prevention of Prejudicial activity) Ordinance, 1956 (Ord. xvi of 1979): This ordinance provides special measures for prevention of prejudicial activity relating to the storage, movement, transshipment, supply and distribution of food grains. It provides basis for the protection of false statement or information. (e) The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Ordinance, 1985: This ordinance is to establish an Institution for standardization, testing, metrology, quality control, grading and marking of goods. Within the framework of this ordinance, Government has established the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI).One import task is to certify the quality of commodities, materials, whether for local consumption, export and imp ort. The Ordinance has been amended as The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (Amendment) Act, 2003. Currently, BSTI is developing a ‘Policy on Labelling'. BSTI is the Codex Focal Point for Bangladesh. MKT-510 (f) The Radiation Protection Act, 1987: Under this Act, the Institute of Food and Radiation Biology (IFRB) of Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission is primarily involved in food irradiation research and development in the country. g) The Iodine Deficiency Disorders Prevention Act, 1989: The Government has enacted â€Å"The Iodine Deficiency Disorders Prevention Act, 1989 for universal salt iodisation & banned noniodised salt from market, aimed at virtual elimination of IDD from the country. (h) The Essential Commodity Act, 1990: The purpose of administering this act is to stable, maintain or increase supply of essential commodities including foodstuffs. The mandate of Essential Commodity Act also includes broad spectrum of broad spectrum of activities like stora ge, transport, distribution, disposal, acquisition, use or consumption of any essential commodity. i) Fish and Fish product (Inspection and Quality Control) Rules, 1997: This section of the Fish and Fish products (Inspection and Control) Ordinance 1983 (Ord xx of 1983) and in conjunction with fish and fish products Inspection and Quality Rules 1989, and other related provisions made there under, the Government has made the Rules: Fish and Fish product (Inspection and Quality Control) Rules, 1997. These Rules are basically meant to develop quality improvement to promote export of trade. The quality control of fish and fish products in the country has earned reputation of the importing countries. j) Laws and Regulations: In addition, a number of other Laws and Regulations are existed in the country to ensure the safe and quality food viz. The Animal Slaughter (Restriction) and Meat Control (Amendment) Ordinance,1983 (it is under revision);The Pesticide Ordinance,1971 & the Pesticides Rules,1985;Destructive Insects and Pests Rules (Plant Quarantine),1966,amended up to 1989;Agricultural Products Market Act,1950 (revised in 1985);Fish Protection and Conservation Act,1950 (amended in 1995);Marine Fisheries Ordinance 1983 and 21 Rules,1983;Procuremnet Specifications, Ministry of Food, Rice Mill Control Order etc.To protect the consumers rights and privileges a new Act i. e. Consumers' Protection Act, 2004 is to be passed soon. There are also a number of policies i. e. Bangladesh Food and Nutrition Policy, MKT-510 1997 and National Plan of Action on Nutrition, National Agricultural Policy, 1999; Integrated Pest Management Policy, 2002 etc are linked with the country's food safety and quality control. (h) Pure Food Act, 2005: Finding huge irregularities and unhygienic situation in the food sectors, the government has formulated a new law, the Pure Food Act, 2005. 2 MKT-510 3. 1. 2 Bangladesh Pure Food Ordinance, 2005 in Details Manufacture and Sale of food Provisions r egarding manufacture and sale of Food 23 1. Prohibition of manufacture or sale of food not of proper nature, substance or quality (1) No person shall directly or indirectly (a) Manufacture or sell any article of food which is adulterated, or (b) Sell to the prejudice of the purchaser any article of food which is not of the nature, substance or quality demanded by the purchaser. 2) An offence shall not be deemed to have been committed if the article of food contains the normal constituents and if any innocuous substance or ingredient has been added thereto, if such substance or ingredient (i) is required for the production or preparation of such article as an article of commerce in a condition fit for carriage or consumption, and (ii) is not so added fraudulently to increase the bulk weight or measure, or to conceal the inferior quality, of such article: Provided that the admixture of such substance or ingredient does not render such article to be injurious to health; . Prohibition o f sale or use of poisonous or dangerous chemicals, intoxicated food colour, etc No person shall directly or indirectly sale any food in which poisonous or dangerous chemicals or ingredients or additives or substances like calcium carbide, formalin, pesticides [DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane ), PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyl oil) etc. or intoxicated food colour or flavouring matter has been used in any food which may cause injury to human body. . Prohibition of manufacture or sale of food not of proper standard of purity No person shall, directly or indirectly manufacture or sell any milk, butter, ghee, wheat flour (that is to say, maida, atta or suji) or mustard or any other rape seed oil, or any other article of food which are not of proper standard of purity. MKT-510 Standard of purity of milk or skimmed milk or condensed milk or sterilized ilk or desiccated milk (1) In the case of milk other than skimmed, condensed, sterilized or desiccated milk,(a) the species of animal from which the milk is derived shall be specified by the seller in such manner as the local authority may direct by general or special order in this behalf;(b) the article sold shall be the normal, clean and fresh secretion obtained by the complete milking of the udder of a healthy animal of the species specified, not earlier than seven days after the calving and freeing of the colostrums of such animal; and (c) the article sold shall, whether such secretion has been processed or not, be an article from which no ingredient has been extracted and to which no water or other substance (including any preservative) has been added and which contains the normal constituents prescribed under clause (a) or sub-section (1) of section 5. 24 2) In the case of skimmed milk,(a) The container shall be labelled and marked in such manner as may be prescribed; (b) The article sold shall contain such proportion of the constituents of milk as maybe prescribed; and (c) The place at which such article is sold shall be specified by the seller in such manner as the local authority may direct by general or special order in this behalf. (3) In the case of condensed, sterilized or desiccated milk,(a) The container shall be hermetically closed, labelled and marked in such manner as may be prescribed; and (b) The article manufactured or sold, as the case may be, shall contain such proportion of the constituents of milk as may be prescribed. Standard of purity of butter In the case of butter, the article manufactured or sold, as the case may be, shall be exclusively derived from the milk or cream (other than skimmed, condensed, sterilized or desiccated milk or cream) of a cow MKT-510 or buffalo or both, and may be with or without salt and with or without the ddition of any innocuous colouring matter, and shall not contain a greater proportion of water than may be prescribed. Standard of purity of ghee In the case of ghee (that is to say, clarified milk fat), the article manufactured or sol d, as the case may be, shall contain only substances (other than curds) which are prepared exclusively from the milk of cows or buffaloes or both, and shall fulfil such other conditions as may be prescribed. 25 Standard of purity of wheat flour In the case of wheat flour (that is to say, maida, atta or suji), the article manufactured or sold, as the case may be, shall contain only substances which are derived exclusively from wheat, and shall fulfill such other conditions as may be prescribed.Standard of purity of mustard or any other rape seed oil In the case of mustard or any other rape seed oil, the article manufactured or sold, as the case may be, shall be derived exclusively from mustard or any other rapeseed, as the case may be, and shall fulfill such other conditions as may be prescribed. 5. Prohibition of manufacture or sale of anything similar to or resembling an article of food No person shall, directly or indirectly and whether by himself or by any other person acting on his behalf, manufacture or sell anything similar to or resembling an article of food notified or under any name which so resembles the ordinary name of such article of food as to be likely to deceive the public or which is in any way calculated to mislead the public as to the nature, substance or quality of that thing. 6.Prohibition of keeping adulterants in places where food is manufactured or sold A person cannot keep or sell adulterants near the premises of manufacturing process of food. If any kind of adulterants is found near a food premise or shop then the owner will be accused for breaking the law if the contrary cannot be proven. No person shall keep Guzi (niger seed) in any manufactory or shop. No person shall keep any quantity of white oil except under a license granted by a local authority. MKT-510 7. Prohibition of sale of diseased animals and unwholesome food intended for human consumption No person shall sell for human consumption any living thing which is diseased or unsound or sell or manufacture any other article of food intended for human consumption which is unwholesome or unfit for human consumption. 26 8.Prohibition of use of false labels No person shall, directly or indirectly use labels which falsely describes that the article is to mislead as to its nature, substance or quality. 9. Registration of certain premises The premises used for manufacturing, storing or selling food must be registered from authorized body. 10. Special provisions for seller of Ice cream and some other food The manufacturer and seller of certain dry food such as ice cream, ice, pickles, sweets, cake, biscuits, bread, flour, pulses etc must clearly write their address on the signboard and the transport the use to delivery. Prohibition of the keeping of bread-stuffs, etc, otherwise than in covered receptacles.No milk, bread-stuffs, cake, pastry, sweetmeats, confectionery or other article of food intended or commonly used for human consumption without further prepara tion by cooking shall be sold, exposed or kept or hawked about or stored for sale unless they be kept properly covered or otherwise guarded to the satisfaction of the local authority, so that they shall be protected from dust, dirt and flies 11. Certain diseased person not to manufacture, sell or touch food No person, who is suffering from leprosy, tuberculosis or any other disease which may be notified by the Government in this behalf, shall manufacture or sell any article of food, or will fully touch any such article which is for sale by any other person. MKT-510 3. 1. 3 ANALYSIS OF FOODProvisions regarding analysis of food 1. Right of purchaser to have article of food analyzed or otherwise examined A person who has purchased any article of food shall, on payment of such fee as may be prescribed, be entitled to have a sample of such article analyzed or otherwise examined by the public analyst appointed for the area in which the purchase was made, and to receive from such public an alyst a certificate in the form provided in the Schedule, specifying the result of the analysis or examination. 27 2. Providing samples for examination is obligatory Any Gov’t nominated person can order the buyer to sell certain products to him for the purpose of examination.He can also ask for the sample of the products to be kept for sale or transport or store. 3. Procedure for obtaining analysis or examination A person who intends to have analyzed or otherwise examined a sample shall-(1) forthwith notify in writing his intention to the person who sold or surrendered the sample;(2) divide the sample into three parts, and mark, seal or fasten each part †¢ One part to the person who sold the sample, or †¢ One part to the consignor, whose name and address appear on the container of the article, †¢ One part for purposes of future comparison; and(3) thereafter submit within seven days one part to the public analyst appointed for the area in which the sample was so ld or surrendered. 4.Duty of public analyst to supply certificate of analysis Every public analyst to whom a sample has been submitted for analysis or bacteriological or other examination shall(a) Analyze or examine such sample or cause such sample to be analyzed or examined; (b) not later than 14 days[ seven days in normal case and two days in case of emergency after the date on which he receives the sample, deliver to the person submitting it a certificate specifying the result of the analysis or examination, (c) Send a copy of the certificate to the local authority concerned. MKT-510 Provisions regarding inspection and seizure of food 1. Appointment of Inspector A person can be appointed as an inspector by the Gov’t or Gov’t monitor local authority. 28 2.Right to enter premises A person authorized, or an Inspector appointed, have the right to enter any premises at any hour of the day or night excluding the hours between midnight and day break. 3. Production of books , vouchers and accounts A person authorized, or an Inspector appointed, may by written notice require any person carrying on the trade or business in, or manufacturing or selling, any article of food, to produce before him for inspection all books, vouchers, accounts and other documents relating to such trade, business, manufacture or sale and every person on whom such notice is served shall comply with such requisition. 4. Power to seize food believed to be adulterated. The nominated person can inspect and examine the food any time (except midnight to dawn) and seize food believed to be adulterated 5.Destruction of seized living things and food The nominated person in front of two witnesses and with the written acknowledgement of the owner will destruct the seized food products MKT-510 3. 1. 4 Bangladesh Food Standards a. Under the Bangladesh Pure Food Ordinance, 1959 and the Bangladesh Pure Food Rules, 1967, there are 107 different generic, mandatory food standards. b. BSTI is the Standardisation body in the country. There are 50 mandatory generic food standards of BSTI. In addition, there are some 250 optional standards for different foodstuff. BSTI is also adopting Codex standards. 29 MKT-510 4. IMPLICATIONS OF PURE FOOD ACT IN BANGLADESH 4. 1 Using chemicals and industrial dyes to look food fresh and tasty The bananas arrive at Sadarghat before first light.One by one the trucks roar into the crammed Ahsanullah Road that charts the banks of the Buriganga river on Dhaka’s southern edge. The bananas, piled high in the hold, are offloaded into the numerous warehouses that line the streets. As the sky lightens up, the cargo is more visible. They are a deep green in colour and bitter to the taste. But by that same afternoon, miraculously, these same bananas will be bright yellow and sweet. As the trucks pull away an army of workers, spray-cans on their shoulders enter the warehouses and start spraying the fruits stacked on the floor. ‘It is a medic ine that helps the banana ripen better and get a nice yellow colour,’ says one local wholesaler. 30 4. 1. Arsenic phosphorous and the carbide produces acetylene gas The chemical, it turns out, is Calcium Carbide, and is extremely hazardous to the human body because it contains traces of arsenic and phosphorous. Once dissolved in water, the carbide produces acetylene gas. Acetylene gas is an analogue of the natural ripening agents produced by fruits known as ethylene. Acetylene imitates the ethylene and quickens the ripening process. In some cases it is only the skin that changes colour, while the fruit itself remains green and raw. When the carbide is used on very raw fruit, the amount of the chemical needed to ripen the fruit has to be increased. This results in the fruit becoming even more tasteless, and possibly toxic. We don’t know what the name of the chemical is but it works like magic,’ he says. Just go to one of the pharmacies in the Dhaka Medical Colleg e area and ask for medicine to ripe bananas,’ he adds. Visits to the neighbouring warehouses reveal that scores of banana wholesalers are MKT-510 using this same technique to transform cheaply bought unripe banana into a golden cargo, going on to supply it to Dhaka’s ever-growing appetite for sweeter, riper and bigger. Later in the morning, we visit one of the pharmacies in the DMCH area. They won’t say what the chemical is but sure enough, it is cheap and widely available. The chemical, it turns out, is Calcium Carbide, and is extremely hazardous to the human body because it contains traces of arsenic and phosphorous. 31 4. 1. Fish in kitchen markets are stored in formaldehyde (used to preserve dead-bodies) The chemical fertiliser urea is used in our rice to make it whiter, fish in kitchen markets are stored in formaldehyde (used to preserve dead-bodies) to keep them fresh-looking, colours and sweeteners are injected into fruits, and Recent studies by the Food and Nutrition Institute, University of Dhaka, have also found Escherichia coli (E-coli), Salmonella, and Shigella bacteria in restaurant food and street food in the city. Eating contaminated food may cause diarrhoea, dysentery and other diseases. ‘Finding bacteria is very common in the restaurant foods. But the more alarming thing is that the restaurant owners do not throw out the leftover oil from everyday cooking, using the same oil the next day. As a result the peroxide value of the oil increases and it becomes toxic ultimately (CAB) — Bangladesh’s only consumer rights group — confirms that wholesalers do indeed use urea fertiliser in rice to make it whiter.Comsumers who eat husk paddle processed rice (red rice) will also find themselves cheated, as artificially colored rice is also available in the market, say members of the watchdog. This is common knowledge, they say. ‘While the rice is being processed, they use urea fertilizer in the rice to m ake it look more attractive, thus increasing its sale value,’ said Miftaur Rahman, a local rice dealer in Kawran Bazar, who claims his products are clean. Most of the red chilli powder used in the market is adulterated – in most cases the spices are mixed with brick dust. Fine sawdust is also often mixed with cumin and other ground spices, say MKT-510 CAB members.Honey is also frequently adulterated, as lab tests have found sugar syrup is often mixed with honey to enhance the sweetness. Nowadays, pure butter oil and ghee are also very rare in the market. Dishonest traders use a host of ingredients such as animal fat, palm oil, potato mash, and vegetable oil to produce fake butter oil. They even mix soap ingredients like steirian oil with ghee, to increase the proportions. 32 Rasogolla, kalojaam, and chamcham are the essential delicacies for all festivals in Bengali culture. But food and sanitation officers from the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) say most of these mouthwa tering sweetmeats, despite looking attractive in the shop displays, are made with adulterated ingredients and produced in a filthy environment.In a survey conducted by DCC officials found that 100 percent of examined samples of Rasogolla, kalojaam, curds, and sandesh were adulterated. Bangladesh’s Pure Food Ordinance (1959) states that at least 10 per cent milk fat is mandatory in sweetmeat. But in most cases, the percentage of milk fat is not more than five per cent. 4. 1. 3 Condensed milk Three years after it first emerged that condensed milk produced by Bangladeshi manufacturers contained little or no milk and was in fact condensed vegetable fat, the companies are continuing to supply their spurious product to the market on the strength of a High Court stay order on legal action against them. Brands like Starship, Danish, Goalini and Kwality are mostly producing condensed milk, which do not satisfy the ‘BDS 896: 1979’ code of the Bangladesh Standard and Testin g Institute (BSTI),’ said Shamsuzzoha, Information officer of Consumers’ Association of Bangladesh Bangladesh’s only consumer rights group. From the test conducted by the Public Health Institute, it was found that these two brands have a bacterial count level of 76,000 and 25,000, respectively,’ he said. The maximum count of bacteria in a gram of condensed milk is 10,000. ‘Despite the numerous test results, these brands continue to sell their adulterated products taking advantage of the fact that authorities tend to avoid their responsibilities at investigating such products and taking measures in ensuring MKT-510 consumer rights,’ he says.He explains that the ‘BDS 896:1979’ quality insists the need of actual cattle milk be condensed, mixed with sugar, then packaged and sold as condensed milk. According to the criteria, condensed milk should have a composition of 28 per cent solid milk, 8 per cent fat, 40 per cent sugar, 0. 3 per cent lactic acid and count level below 10,000 bacteria in every gram of the milk. 33 The Milk and Dairy Product section committee of BSTI finalised the BDS standard for condensed milk on May 22, 1979. The quality was designed in accordance with the condensed milk manufacturing procedure discovered first by scientist Gail Borden in 1896. The committee had also kept in mind the necessity of the International Standards Organization (ISO) standards while formulating this particular standard.This standard was later approved by the Agriculture and Food Products Divisional Council of BSTI. ‘These condensed milk lack the basic nourishing factors that natural milk has,’ said Zoha. He explained that natural milk consists of 80 to 90 per cent water. The rest includes protein, saturated fat, vitamin and calcium. ‘The most important element is lactose, a special type of galactose that aids digestion in the human system,’ he explained. The other elements in milk are alb umin, globulin, potassium, sodium, iodine and sulphur. ‘All these elements make the consumption of a litre of milk equivalent to the consumption of 21 eggs, 12 kilograms of beef and 2. 2 kilograms of bread by a human,’ he said. As most of these brands are using vegetable fat and powdered milk to produce condensed milk, consumers are missing out from the consumption of ‘real’ condensed milk,’ he said. In a report published by CAB in December, 1995 it was found that Danish Condensed milk (Bangladesh) imports 125 metric tonne of powdered milk. When tested by the Bangladesh Atomic Energy commission it was found that the radioactivity levels in their milk is much higher than the stipulated limit. The high court verdict was against the sale and production of this powdered milk. ‘We still cannot tell whether the company abided by the high court verdict,’ says one CAB official. Along MKT-510 with powdered milk, the brands are using Hoye powder, water, sugar, artificial colour, flavour and vegetable fat to produce condensed milk.Currently, 7,68,000 cans of condensed milk are sold daily. ‘The daily demand shows the massive consumption of condensed milk and thus the immense health hazard being faced by the nation,’ says one CAB official 34 4. 1. 4 Sulphuric acid and industrial dyes Some sweetmeat makers from rural areas are unaware of the existence of food colouring and use only industrial dyes in their products. The dough makers in different parts of the country put sulphuric acid in hot milk to make it thicken quickly. ‘They first put a paste of ground rice into the milk, followed by sulphuric acid to turn the milk into a thick dough within minutes,’ say DCC officials.In Dhaka City, famous sweetmeats brought from various parts of the country have been selling fast due to well-financed advertisement campaigns. Among these are Porabarir Chamcham, curds from Bogra, Rasogolla from Jessore, monda from M uktagachha, and Rosomalai from Comilla. ‘In most cases, these sweetmeat are not what they seem,’ says Abdullah, a worker at a city sweetmeat outlet. Sources at the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institute (BSTI) — the government agency responsible for enforcing standards and issuing permits for the manufacture of processed foods — admit that a wide variety of products such as soybean oil, butter oil and mustard oil are being sold in the market with fake BSTI seals.In recent weeks, laboratory reports have revealed that fruits are ripened artificially using calcium carbide while traces of organo-phosphorus — an insecticide — has been discovered in vegetables in kitchen markets. ‘The nutritional elements that should be in fruits and vegetables, if adulterated with dyes and synthetic colours, are destroyed. Eventually the digestion of those poisonous fruits or vegetables may cause diarrhoea, dysentery and even death,’ says Professo r MKT-510 Sagormoy Barma, a nutritionist at Dhaka University. ‘The long-term impact of eating those foods is cancer,’ Barma warns. Meanwhile children are fast becoming the greatest casualty of the widespread adulteration. If children don’t get the vitamins and minerals from fruits and vegetables to rebuild tissues, the result could be severe malnutrition says Professor MQK Talukder, a paediatrician at the Combined Military Hospital (CMH). ‘The most terrifying thing that can happen for not enriching a child’s body with the right nutritional elements are lack of growth and damage to central nervous system,’ Talukder says. 35 4. 1. 5 Formaldehyde Ranked as one of the most hazardous compounds (worst 10%) to ecosystems and human health. Formaldehyde is a colorless, flammable, strong-smelling gas. It is an important industrial chemical used to manufacture building materials and to produce many household products.It is used in pressed wood products s uch as particleboard, plywood, and fiberboard, glues and adhesives, permanent press fabrics, paper product coatings, and certain insulation materials. In addition, formaldehyde is commonly used as an industrial fungicide, germicide, and disinfectant, and as a preservative in mortuaries and medical laboratories. In 1987, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified formaldehyde as a probable human carcinogen under conditions of unusually high or prolonged exposure (1). Since that time, some studies of industrial workers have suggested that formaldehyde exposure is associated with nasal cancer and nasopharyngeal cancer, and possibly with leukemia. In 1995, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that formaldehyde is a probable human arcinogen. Several NCI(National Cancer Institute, USA) studies have found that anatomists and embalmers, professions with potential exposure to formaldehyde, are at an increased risk for leukemia and brain cancer comp ared with the general population MKT-510 Mutagenic activity of formaldehyde has been demonstrated in viruses, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Salmonella typhimurium and certain strains of yeast, fungi, Drosophila, grasshopper and mammalian cells (Ulsamer et al. , 1984). Formaldehyde has been shown to cause gene mutations, single strand breaks in DNA, DNA-protein crosslinks, sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations.Formaldehyde produces in vitro transformation in BALB/c 3T3 mouse cells, BHK21 hamster cells and C3H-10Tl/2 mouse cells, enhances the transformation of Syrian hamster embryo cells by SA7 adenovirus, and inhibits DNA repair (Consensus Workshop on Formaldehyde, 1984). 36 When inhaled, acetaldehyde, the closest aldehyde to formaldehyde in structure, causes cancers in the nose and trachea of hamsters, and nasal cancers in rats (EPA,USA, Carcinogenicity Assessment for Lifetime Exposure. Substance Name — Formaldehyde,CASRN — 50-00-0, Last R evised — 05/01/1991. 4. 1. 6 Do You Have Formaldehyde-Related Symptoms? There are several formaldehyde-related symptoms, such as watery eyes, runny nose, burning sensation in the eyes, nose, and throat, headaches and fatigue.These symptoms may also occur because of the common cold, the flu or other pollutants that may be present in the indoor air. If these symptoms lessen when you are away from home or office but reappear upon your return, they may be caused by indoor pollutants, including formaldehyde. Examine your environment. Have you recently moved into a new or different home or office? Have you recently remodeled or installed new cabinets or furniture? Symptoms may be due to formaldehyde exposure. You should contact your physician and/or state or local health department for help. Your physician can help to determine if the cause of your symptoms is formaldehyde or other pollutants. MKT-510 Stage ChemicalHealth Risks Diarrhoea, nausea Respiratory disorders, bronchitis, s kin diseases, headache Burning eyes, nose, throat high blood pressure, bronchitis Wounds leading to Cancer Wounds leading to Cancer stomach problems, Soaking NaC1 37 Unhairing/liming KOH, Na 2 S03/bi Sulphide Deliming/bating Na 2 S03, NH 4 C1, Na2So4 Picling Chrome Tanning Sammying, splitting H 2 SO 4, H-COOH, NaC1 Dyes, fixing, agent, Condensation of urea Respiratory complications Buffing Liquid pigment, polymer, fixative, preservatives and aromatic ingredients. Cancer Shaving, dyeing Table: Health risk by unwanted chemicals MKT-510 4. 2 ADULTERATED FOOD ? Asthma Caused by toxic dyes used in most Chinese resturants ? Bananas: Chemicals calcium carbide and ethrel are used to artificially ripen Bananas. The other popular method is to ripen them through heating in a closed environment. Coconut Oil: Acid value beyond permissible limit found in major brands. ? Condensed Milk: Along with Star Ship, Fresh and Goalini, reportedly use vegetable fat instead of milk ? Dyes: Eating foods conta ining industrial dyes and colours causes violent allergic reactions, respiratory problems, asthma, liver disorders and kidney dysfunction and bone marrow disorders. Nowadays, coal tar dyes are being used in sweetmeats. ? Erythrosine: Red food colouring that can lead to tumour in thyroid gland, asthma, bronchitis and hyperactivity. ? Formaldehyde: Formaldehyde – normally used to preserve dead-bodies – is used to preserve fish bound for city markets. Greens: Fresh greens, so abundantly available, are the best way to go as far as vegetables are concerned. Shashya Prabartana offers the finest, pesticide-free organic variety. ? Iodine: Found in high quantities in most condensed milk brands. Indicate use of vegetable fat. ? Keya Coconut Oil: Accused of containing twice the acid value permitted by BSTI in its regulations. ? Lentils: Lentils are mixed with toxic colours to improve their colour and marketability. ? Mustard Oil: Most mustard oil brands contain iron beyond permis sible limits. ? Pesticides: When pesticides enter the body on a regular basis, they affect the liver until it is damaged permanently.Quality Seal Many products use forged and/or expired BSTI seals 38 MKT-510 ? Rice: A host of rice varieties available in the market are artificially whitened using the toxic fertiliser Urea Soyabean Oil Poorly produced Soyabean oil contains high levels of toxins which can lead to cancer ? Tartrazine: Yellowish orange food colour that can lead to cancer, headaches, allergies such as asthma, inflammation, eye irritation and runny nose. (Mubin S Khan and Adnan Khandker , Slate, October 2006) OTTAWA, March 17, 2005 – The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) and Afrocan Direct Imports Inc. are warning the public not to consume the Heritage brand Palm Oil described below.These products may contain a non-permitted colour, Sudan IV, which is considered to be carcinogenic. Sudan I and IV, red dyes, are not permitted as food colours in Canada. Sudan I, has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals and these findings could also be significant for human health. There have been no reported illnesses associated with the consumption of these prod

The Death of Essay Topics for World History

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Essay about The Three Major Theoretical Perspectives in...

Introduction Sociologists develop theories to explain and analyze society at different levels and from different perspectives. Sociologists study everything from the micro level of analysis of small social patterns to the â€Å"big picture† which is the macro level of analysis of large social patterns. Sociologists employ three major theoretical perspectives in sociology today. They are the structural-functionalist perspective, the conflict perspective, and the symbolic interactionism. The structural-functionalist perspective is done at a macro level and its focus is on the relationships between the parts of society. The Conflict perspective is done at a macro level and its main focus is on how the wealthy controls the poor and weak.†¦show more content†¦He also did studies on education, crime and suicide. Sociologist Robert Merton (1957) divides human functions into two types. They are manifest functions and latent functions. Manifest functions are intended and the obvious consequences of activities. Latent functions are the unintended, sometimes unrecognized, consequences of actions. The manifest function of going to church is to worship as part of a religious community, but its latent function may be to meet people. From the structural-functionalist perspective, if an aspect of a social life does not contribute to society’s survival it will eventually disappear (Durkheim 1915, 1964). This may be considered as dysfunctional. Dysfunctions are consequences of structural elements that produce changes in their environing social system. Dysfunctions can also be manifest or latent. Manifest dysfunctions are anticipated disruptions of social life. A manifest dysfunction of a festival might include disruptions of transportation and excessive production of garbage. Latent dysfunctions are unintended and unanticipated disruptions of order and stability. 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Assignment #2 Lent Term EC230-Economics in Public Policy Question #1: Imagine you are asked to write a press briefing note six years ago on behalf of Del Monte, Inc and the Government of Ecuador, summarizing in about 200 words the case against the EU s tariff on non†ACP bananas. It is still February 2009. On behalf of Del Monte, Inc. and the Government of Ecuador, we want to reiterate our concern regarding the current European Union Tariff Regime on non-ACP bananas. To begin with, this is a regime that is inconsistent with the WTO rules. First, the European Union’s tariff quota allocation to the ACP countries goes against the non-discriminatory Article 13 of the GATT, which states that countries cannot establish multiple tariff regimes†¦show more content†¦In addition, banana tariffs made prices to soar 63% in 1994 and demand to fall 25% (Cassidy, 2009). In consequence, as we can see in Figure 1, tariffs decreased consumer’s surplus by areas 1+2+3+4 due to the difference ‘’between the maximum that consumers would pay for each unit of the good, and what they would actually pay’’ (Pettinger, 2012). In conclusion, the EU non-ACP tariff regime has only freeze out competitors from the Latin American market, but also made its imports in the EU more expensive (Cassidy, 2009); therefore, we urge the EU to eliminate this tariff regime. Figure 1. Question #2: You are now hired by an ACP Caribbean Government to do the same, but in defense of the EU s banana tariff regime. On behalf of the ACP countries, we want to endorse and defend the European’s union tariff regime. Based on the Lomà © Convention, the EU and ACP trade agreements should be based on cooperation and partnership. In addition, the EU has a moral responsibility to support banana production in ACP countries due to the involvement of millions of families in this activity, and thus in their socio-economic stability. To support, this decision we would like to argue that the EU is supporting the true high quality banana farmers of the ACP countries (Shah, 2010). In contrast, banana production is lead by American

Strategic Planning Health Care Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(50) " public presentation markers and belongings harm\." Alcohol abuse is a signifier of substance maltreatment and plays an tremendous function in United States Navy human deaths. Although attempts are being made to de-glamorize the usage and abuse of intoxicant in the Navy, this quandary still remains. Alcohol is easy available, readily accessible, and socially acceptable. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Planning Health Care Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It can be found at featuring events, household reunions, societal assemblages, eating houses and assorted jubilations. Bing socially acceptable and legal, the ingestion of intoxicant does non keep the same societal stigma as other drugs. Nevertheless, intoxicant abuse is a national epidemic. Harmonizing to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, in 2001, more than half a million people were injured in auto accidents where constabulary reported that intoxicant was present – an norm of one individual is injured about every two proceedingss ( Blincoe, Seay et al. , 2002 ) . Excessive intoxicant ingestion is the 3rd taking â€Å" existent † cause of decease in the United States ( Mokdad, Stroup, Marks A ; Gerberding, 2000 ) . In 2001, 17,448 people in the U.S. died in alcohol-related motor vehicle clangs, stand foring 41 % of all traffic-related deceases ( NHTSA, 2002 ) . Alcohol-related motor vehicle clangs kill person every 30 proceedingss ( NHTSA, 2002 ) . Alcohol is besides a major subscriber to force and offense, peculiarly assaults, violative behavior, domestic force and kid maltreatment ( Commonwealth Department of Health and Family Services, 1996 ) . Harmonizing to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) intoxicant abuse was responsible for 75,000 deceases and 2.3 million old ages of possible life lost ( about 30 old ages of life lost per decease ) in 2001. ( Town, Naimi, Mokdad, A ; Brewer, 2001 ) . The National Survey on Drug Use and Health ( NSDUH ) , which conducted a countrywide study affecting questioning about 70,000 indiscriminately selected persons aged 12 and older in 2006, reported somewhat more than half of Americans age 12 or older admitted to being current drinkers of intoxicant. More than 125.3 million people or 50.9A per centum of the population reported being drinkers of intoxicant. A follow-up study in the 2007 study reported a rise in intoxicant ingestion with more than 126.8 million people or 51.1A per centum, acknowledging to being current drinkers of intoxicant. Datas from Substance Abuse A ; Mental Health Services Administration ( SAMHSA ‘s ) National Survey on Drug Use and Health fou nd in 2003, an estimated 56.6 % of veterans used intoxicants compared with 50.8 % of comparable nonveterans. Harmonizing to Dr. Alexander Wagenaar, Director of Alcohol and Other Drug Epidemiology Program at University of Minnesota School of Public Health, intoxicant was involved in: about 32 % of air power deceases ; 62 % of drownings ; 48 % of falls ; 54 % of fires ; 40 % of industrial hurts. Approximately 1.5 million drivers were arrested in 2000 for driving under the influence of intoxicant or narcotics. That ‘s merely over 1 % of the estimated 120 million or more episodes of impaired drive that occur among U.S. grownups each twelvemonth ( NHTSA, 2001 ) . Harmonizing to The Navy Safety Center over the past 5 old ages, crewmans have been deceasing in alcohol-related vehicle accidents at the rate of 1 every 17 yearss. At this rate, a crewman who completes a 20-year calling in the Navy will hold lost 1197 shipmates due to alcohol-related vehicle accidents. That is about 60 crewmans ‘ deceases per twelvemonth as a direct consequence of intoxicant abuse. Harmonizing toaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.The term intoxicant is besides referred to as ethyl alcohol or ethyl intoxicant. Alcohol is a thin, clear liquid with a rough combustion gustatory sensation and high volatility. Alcohol is created when grains, fruits, or veggies are fermented. Fermentation is a procedure that uses barm or bacterium to alter the sugars in the nutrient into intoxicant. Agitation is used to bring forth many necessary points – everything from cheese to medicines. Alcohol has different signifiers and can be used as a cleansing agent, an antiseptic, or a ataractic. Harmonizing to farther research intoxicant is defined as an intoxicating agent. Alcohol is besides a psychotropic substance, which means that it has the ability to alter consciousness and to change perceptual experiences and behaviour. When speech production of intoxicant, it includes, vino, whisky and beer to call a few. Reappraisal of the peer-reviewed scholarly literature refering to your subject ( 4-5 page narration ) Misuse can be defined to utilize falsely or improperly ; misapply, to utilize or handle severely or harshly ; maltreatment. Harmonizing to National Health Science in England ( 2006 ) , alcohol abuse involves the heavy and frequent usage of intoxicant. Misuse can be characterized by a form of imbibing that can ensue in issues with 1s ‘ relationship perchance as a failure to pay close attending to indispensable undertakings, responsibilities and duties at school, work, or at place which consequences in an inability to work usually. The abuse can do both short and long-run physical, psychological and societal jobs. Misuse of intoxicant can be associated with important injury to kids, particularly when combined with other characteristics such as domestic force or other drug abuse. Salter ‘s Psychiatric Review ( 2003 ) defines intoxicant abuse as imbibing intermittently or persistently to such an extent that it interferes with an employee ‘s wellness or public presentation ( efficiency, productiveness, safety or attending ) . The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism defines alcohol abuse as the ingestion that puts persons at an increased hazard for inauspicious wellness and societal effects. It is defined as extra day-to-day ingestion ( more than 4 drinks per twenty-four hours for work forces or more than 3 drinks per twenty-four hours for adult females ) , or extra entire ingestion ( more than 14 drinks per hebdomad for work forces or more than 7 drinks per hebdomad for adult females ) , or both. Other illustrations of intoxicant abuse include demoing up late to work or non demoing up at all, going ailment as a consequence of intoxicant ingestion, prosecuting in inappropriate behaviour, failure to abiding by the Torahs or prosecuting in behaviour that causes concern for one ‘s safety or the safety or others. Consequences of abuse include non being recommended for publicity, low public presentation markers and belongings harm. You read "Strategic Planning Health Care Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" It affects one ‘s ability to decently do determinations, execute their needed responsibilities and duties and compromises one ‘s safety. Physical Deductions Alcohol abuse has been associated with a broad scope of mental, physical and societal injuries. Most wellness professionals agree that intoxicant affect practically every organ in the human organic structure. Alcohol ingestion has been linked to more than 60 disease conditions in a series of recent meta-analyses These include increased hazard of unwilled hurts, force, liver disease, high blood pressure, certain malignant neoplastic diseases, and diseases of the cardinal nervous system. ( English et al. , 1995 ; Gutjahr, Gmel A ; Rehm, 2001 ; Ridolfo A ; Stevenson, 2001 ; Single et al. , 1999 ) . Alcohol abuse in any environment is known to do wellness jobs, most notably it can take to liver harm ( e.g. cirrhosis ) , every bit good as jobs with other systems of the organic structure. It is estimated to do about 20-30 % of oesophageal malignant neoplastic disease, liver malignant neoplastic disease, cirrhosis of the liver, homicide, epileptic ictuss, and motor vehicle accidents worldwide ( WHO, 2002 ) . Harmonizing to the Center of Disease Control ( 2010 ) , some illustrations of the affects of intoxicant abuse include unwilled hurts ( e.g. , auto accidents, falls, Burnss, submerging ) , knowing hurts ( e.g. , piece hurts, sexual assault, domestic force ) , alcohol toxic condition, high blood force per unit area, shot, and other cardiovascular diseases, liver disease, offense, and driving under the influence. Alcohol abuse consequences in a assortment of inauspicious wellness results. Persons who misuse intoxicant are besides at increased hazard of a assortment of inauspicious generative wellness results. ( Iyasu, Randall, Welty, Kinney, Mandell, 2002 ) . Recent surveies conducted on rats, have shown that intoxicant additions malignant neoplastic disease, spread by stamp downing the ability of â€Å" natural slayer † cells to destruct malignant neoplastic disease cells going in the blood stream. The findings are peculiarly of import for adult females because old surveies suggest adult females who drink every bit small as one to two drinks a twenty-four hours have an incidence of chest malignant neoplastic disease anyplace from 10 % to 100 % higher than abstainers. ( NHTSA, 2002 ) Research has noted that alcoholic drinks which are consumed in moderateness pose no important menace and have no long term effect. Moderate usage is defined by The Dietary Guidelines for Americans as no more than two alcoholic drinks per twenty-four hours for work forces and no more than one alcoholic drink per twenty-four hours for adult females. A standard drink is defined as 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of vino, or 1.5 ounces of 80-proof distilled liquors, all of which contain the same sum of intoxicant ( NHTSA, 2002 ) However, it has been noted that intoxicant abuse involves the heavy and frequent usage of intoxicant which leads to serious effects. A modest ingestion of intoxicant for many in America and in the Navy is considered safe, suited and pleasant. In fact, moderate consumption of intoxicant has been shown to be reciprocally related to the incidence of coronary arteria disease. ( Vidal, A Arveiler, A Evans, A Montaye, A A ; A et al.A 2000 ) . Misuse of Alcohol and the Military Culture, Attitudes and Beliefs In the United States Navy, imbibing has become a tradition and has become portion of being defined as a crewman. Over the old ages, Navy tradition has changed ; nevertheless, the Navy ‘s civilization has easy changed. In the early beginnings and in the formation of the Navy, captains of ships would enroll their crews from saloon. Aboard ship they would have their ration of grog. Grog was a mixture of rum and H2O. It is named after Admiral Grogram Vernon, who foremost ordered the dilution of the British Royal Navy ‘s day-to-day rum ration ( Pack, 1982 ) . Social psychologists have long argued that people tend to follow group attitudes and act in conformity with group outlooks and behaviours based on association demands and societal comparing procedures ( Festinger, 1954 ) , societal force per unit areas toward group conformance ( Asch, 1951, 1952 ) and the formation and acquisition of mention group norms ( Newcomb, 1943 ; Newcomb Wilson, 1966 ; Sherif, 1936, 1972 ) . Alcohol was one time a really of import facet of many of the Navy ‘s oldest clip honored ceremonial processs, such as publicity to main junior-grade officer and traversing the equator. In the yesteryear, intoxicant was thought to be a necessary point for subsistence and morale and, as such, was provided as a day-to-day ration to crewmans and soldiers. Within the preponderantly male U.S. military population, heavy imbibing and being able to â€Å" keep one ‘s spirits † have served as trials â€Å" of suitableness for the demanding masculine military function † ( Bryant, 1974 ) . Research has shown that groups of people, who work together, whether in little squads or larger organisations, develop shared beliefs and patterns that can act upon intoxicant usage ( Trice, 1990 ; Ames, 1992 ) . As a consequence of alterations in the past several decennaries, intoxicant is no longer permitted at official military maps, ceremonials or bid sponsored events. In fact, th e end is to deglamorize is usage to promote appropriate behaviour. The Navy ‘s policy against intoxicant is a seeking and hard undertaking and complicated affair particularly for the primary ground ; it has been a portion of the Navy ‘s civilization for over 200 old ages. The footing of the Navy ‘s Alcohol policy is â€Å" zero tolerance on and off responsibility, afloat and ashore. † It is of import to observe, zero tolerance translates into responsible usage of intoxicant. Harmonizing to this policy, abuse of intoxicant is unacceptable ; it interferes with the Navy nucleus Valuess of Honor, Courage and Commitment. Misuse does non fall in line with Navy ‘s criterions of public presentation for it does non show a sense of professionalism. Alcohol abuse usage is a serious discourtesy in the Uniform Code of Military Justice, breaches good order and subject and is incompatible with service in the Navy. It can destruct the lives of those who misuse it and the lives of their loved 1s, for it can make and do relationship iss ues, wellness jobs and fiscal troubles. Alcohol abuse besides places the member ‘s continued service in the Navy in serious hazard. For illustration, new regulations have been implemented, as of July 30, 2010 ; crewmans who are repeat wrongdoers, convicted of a 2nd DUI strong belief will ensue in administrative separation. Previously, the Commanding Officer had the concluding recommendation. An analysis of the job that you are analyzing taking into consideration old coursework ( 2-3 page narration ) The graduated table of the job. Most late we have seen a rise of intoxicant abuse at our bid and in the Navy overall. Aanalysis of the job in a 2002 Department of Defense ( DoD ) survey found that in the last 20 old ages 21 % of service members admitted to imbibing to a great extent ( 2002 ) . Soldiers and Marines stationed in Afghanistan and Iraq are contending for their lives, and many of our Sailors stationed in San Diego are contending for theirs every bit good. The DoD survey besides found that 31 % of all occupational hurts are alcohol-related, as are 23 % of self-destructions and 32 % of homicides ( 2002 ) . While in homeport, directors, leaders and supervisors up and down the concatenation of bid are combating an addition in the measure and frequence of intoxicant related incidences and driving under the influence charges imposed on several of their crewmans since their return from abroad. Research has besides shown that intoxicant usage has remained reasonably changeless between 1980 and 2002: 20.8 % in 19 80, 24.8 % in 1985, 20 % in 1988, and basically unchanged through 2002 ( Bray et al. , 2003 ) . Harmonizing to research from Drug and Alcohol Program Advisor ( DAPA ) for Navy Region Southwest, since 2001 – to 2008 DUI apprehensions rose about 7 per centum across the Navy but dropped 15 % in the Southwest part. Harmonizing to Command Drug and Alcohol Program Advisor ( DAPA ) for Mobile Security Squadron FIVE, the figure of driving under the influence offenses has doubled since this clip last twelvemonth. To day of the month, four Sailors, two Chief Petty Officers and two Petty Military officers have been charged and arrested for driving while intoxicated. Charges against the four persons are still pending. Harmonizing to the Command DAPA they will be held accountable. In order to obtain information for this peculiar survey, interviews, ego appraisals and questionnaire were used. The intent of the ego appraisal was to obtain a baseline on the degree of intoxicant abuse in the bid, enhance Sailor ‘s consciousness and obtain information on hazard behaviours, wellness guidance and testing informations. The term â€Å" orgy imbibing † was defines as a imbibing juncture taking to poisoning, frequently measured as holding more than ten figure of drinks on one juncture ( i.e. , devouring five or more drinks per typical imbibing juncture at least one time a hebdomad ) ( Gmel, Rehm and Kuntsche, 2003 ) . The completion of the appraisal took approximately five proceedingss. A sum of 413 persons completed the appraisal. Datas from 413 studies were collected during a two month period. Presently the bid is composed of 512 forces, 350 of the Sailors late returned from a 7 month deployment to Kuwait in January. In less than 7 months from their last d eployment, those same Sailors will go forth their households, friends and loved one to one time once more deploy to the United Arab Emirates UAE. In a recent study conducted, the figure of â€Å" Days Away from Home Station † averaged 142 yearss. The information besides indicated that 80.6 % of the studies were completed by enlisted crewmans and 19.4 % by officers. The information besides indicated that of the reported study respondents indicated 50.8 % of the respondents were in the 20-29 twelvemonth old age group. Data recorded that 32 % , reported the ingestion of intoxicant, 24 % reported heavy intoxicant usage, 29 % moderate usage, 47 % reported devouring intoxicant fewer than one time a hebdomad and 8 % reported intoxicant usage while driving a vehicle. A really startling statistic is that 6 % of members surveyed reported drive after imbibing excessively much intoxicant. Consequence of Alcohol Misuse: Economic and Military Actions On April 4th 2010, May 16th, 2010, June 17, 2010 and August 1st, 20th 2010, service members were detained and charged with driving while under the influence ( DUI ) . Servicemembers were guilty of DUI ‘s, three of the 4s were first clip wrongdoers. Three of the four were fined between $ 300.00 to $ 850.00. So far, servicemembers have had their impulsive privileges on base suspended for a twelvemonth and all four were jailed overnight. Each are presently required to go to an compulsory intoxicant safety action plan ; two of the four failed to inform their concatenation of bid. They were discovered by the usage of the Alcohol and Drug Management Information and Tracking System ( ADMITS ) , which is a computerized database that paperss and studies all alcohol related incidents. In an interview with one of the service members he shared he began imbibing intoxicant when he was 16 old ages old and continued good into his calling in the Navy. He drank four or five beers a hebdomad with friends. He would imbibe largely with household and friends and while socialising and with his married woman. Most late his ingestion has decreased to imbibing one or two beers one time or twice a month. He believes that he did non hold a imbibing job ; for no 1 at his occupation, in his concatenation of bid or his household or friends has of all time suggested that he misused intoxicant. This is the service members ‘ 2nd discourtesy. California DUI Offense punishments are serious. There are both condemnable and administrative punishments that can be imposed. The 1st discourtesy of a rummy drive strong belief, in most instances, will dwell of two discourtesies: 1 ) driving under the influence of intoxicant ( DUI ) , and 2 ) driving with.08 % or higher blood-alcohol concentration. First clip wrongdoer face possible gaol clip, probation, suspension of their licence, ignition interlock installing, a significant rise in insurance fees ensuing in duplicating or trebling of premiums, restricted travel, community service, loss of employment and expensive mulcts. Punishments, mulcts and fees increase well with each extra discourtesy. The punishments for imbibing and drive are going progressively stricter each twelvemonth but vary from province to province and are broad runing. In California, harmonizing to the National Safety Council State Traffic Safety Legislation Database, first clip wrongdoer, non-injury DUI ‘s are by and large misdemeanours. DUIs that consequence in bodily hurt may be elevated to felony position. Persons face 48 hours up to 6 months in gaol and mulcts can run from $ 390- $ 1,000 plus punishment appraisals. Wrongdoers may hold their licence suspended from 4 months up to a twelvemonth. Courts may besides order the installing of an interlock device. Furthermore, vehicles may be impounded, wrongdoers must take and alcohol instruction class, may be placed on probation and have to execute community service. A 2nd California DUI discourtesy may include 90 yearss to 1 twelvemonth in gaol, a two twelvemonth licence suspension, attending of an 18-30 month DUI school and 3-5 old ages informal pro bation. In comparing, in Texas, for a first clip discourtesy, a driver convicted of a DUI could confront 72 hours to two old ages in gaol, a $ 2,000 to $ 10,000 mulct, suspension of licence for 90 yearss to one twelvemonth and a DUI surcharge of $ 1,000 per twelvemonth for three old ages or $ 2,000 for old ages, if Blood Alcohol Level is above.16. A 2nd rummy drive discourtesy could ensue in 30 yearss to two old ages in gaol, $ 4,000- $ 10,000 mulct, suspension of licence from 180 yearss to two old ages, installing of an ignition interlock device and a DUI surcharge from $ 1,500 to $ 2,000 for three old ages. Bing charged with a rummy driving strong belief can be an really expensive proposition. With the combination of tribunal costs mulcts, fees and an addition in premiums, the cost of one DUI can run between $ 5,000 and $ 20,000. Fines and fees associated with intoxicant abuse vary province to province, nevertheless, the cost of possible fees and mulcts, in all provinces are reeling. Harmonizing to informations by Mother Against Drunk Driving ( 2010 ) , a DUI costs about $ 5,000 – $ 20,000 by the clip you pay mulcts, fees, bond and insurance. For illustration, bond can be $ 150.00 to $ 2500.00 and towage fees can run from $ 200 to $ 1500. Some metropoliss charge $ 1,200 for the first 24 hours and $ 50 for each extra twenty-four hours of storage. driving/alcohol-awareness schools ( 16 hebdomads lower limit ) scope from $ 250.00 to $ 2,000.00. The fee for and installing of an ignition lock is about $ 70.00, legal representation could be anyplace from $ 2500.00 to $ 25,000.00 and li cense reinstatement fee can run from $ 100- $ 250, Auto Insurance Increase: $ 3,600 – $ 6,600 ( The Auto Club estimates $ 2,200 a twelvemonth for 3 old ages ) There are besides unanticipated and incalculable cost such as an addition in life-insurance-premiums, lost of income due to tribunal day of the months, community service, gaol clip, loss of licence and employability. Mission Readiness/Health Care Costss Alcohol abuse affects mission preparedness since it takes clip and costs money for medical referrals, to treat separations and penalties. Additional, it reduces member ‘s dependableness, dependability and discredits members. Furthermore, members are removed from places in which they have been trained for. Alcohol abuse on the single degree is a personal duty failure in leading, judgement, personal and professional behaviour. Over the past two decennaries, five major surveies have used the cost of unwellness ( COI ) model to gauge the economic costs of intoxicant maltreatment in the United States ( Berry et al. 1977 ; Cruze et Al. 1981 ; Harwood et Al. 1984, 1998 ; Rice et Al. 1990 ) . In a survey by Healthy People 2010, a list of national wellness aims for the first decennary of this century includes substance maltreatment as a taking wellness index, with an estimated cost to society of $ 167 billion for intoxicant maltreatment ( U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 20 00 ) . Alcohol related jobs cost British industry, 2 billion per twelvemonth due to absenteeism and hapless work public presentation. These surveies present estimations of the costs of intoxicant maltreatment on the footing of analyses of wellness attention costs, productiveness losingss, and assorted extra costs, such as those associated with alcohol-related offense and motor vehicle clangs. In the most recent of these COI surveies, the research group estimated the overall economic cost of intoxicant maltreatment at $ 148 billion for 1992, the most recent twelvemonth for which equal informations were available at the clip the survey was undertaken ( Harwood et al. 1998 ) . The economic costs as a consequence or lost of productiveness was estimated at $ 134.2 billion. Health attention costs of intoxicant maltreatment were estimated at $ 26.3 billion for 1998, stand foring a comparatively modest fraction 14.3 % of the sum estimated cost of intoxicant maltreatment. The direct and indirect cost of intoxicant abuse in the United States was estimated to be about $ 185 billion in 1998. Medical effects of foetal intoxicant syndrome ( FAS ) accounted for about $ 2.9 billion of this sum and about $ 1.3 billion were attributed to lost net incomes due to FAS ( Hardwood, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to the CDC, the cost of intoxicant abuse in the United States was estimated to be $ 185 billi on in 1998. About $ 16 billion of this sum was spent on medical attention for alcohol-related complications ( non including foetal intoxicant syndrome [ FAS ] ) , $ 7.5 billion was spent on forte intoxicant intervention services, and $ 2.9 billion was spent on FAS intervention. The staying costs ( $ 134 billion ) were due to lost productiveness. Lost productiveness due to alcohol-related deceases and disablements impose a greater economic load than do wellness attention costs ( Harwood, 2000 ) . Harmonizing to a 1997 DoD study, the DoD reported that costs for wellness attention associated with the sensing, rehabilitation, and intervention of active responsibility, retired person, and dependent forces with intoxicant related diseases and hurts were approximately $ 557 million. The lost productiveness costs for active responsibility forces hospitalized for intoxicant attributable disease was $ 13 million for the same period. Non-DoD social costs for intoxicant related incidents attributable to active responsibility, retired person, and dependent forces were approximately $ 396 million for the same period. Alcohol abuse among Prime donees cost the DoD an estimated $ 1.2 billion in 2006aˆâ€ ¢ $ 425 million in higher medical costs and $ 745 million in decreased preparedness and misconduct charges. In footings of medical attention and lost clip at work, intoxicant maltreatment costs the DoD more than $ 600 million in 2008 and the DoD spends another $ 132 million a twelvemon th to care for babes with foetal intoxicant syndrome. Legal Actions There are several mentions and instructions which discuss legal action that can be taken against military members that misuse intoxicant. Members arrested and convicted for alcohol-related discourtesy by civil authorization ( i.e. , DUI/DWI, public poisoning, disorderly behavior ) , are apt to be punished under article 92, failure to obey a lawful order, and Article 111-drunken or foolhardy operation of vehicle, aircraft, or vas. Legal actions against service members is based on misconduct and abuse, the non the intoxicant job in itself. Military legal actions and effects include loss of on base privileges, limitation, publicity recommendation and a 2nd intoxicant misconduct discourtesy will ensue in administrative separation. Members found guilty at ( non-judicial penalty ) NJP typically face A? months pay times two months. On norm, a Chief with over 12 old ages of service makes 3,699.00. The Chiefs in our bid confronting NJP can anticipate to lose $ 1849. This does non include loss of possible future publicities. In contrast, civilian legal actions include tribunal costs and fee, increased insurance premiums, driver ‘s license suspension and possible gaol clip. Effectiveness of Navy Training Programs To find the effectivity of the intoxicant preparation plans a sample study was utilised. 75 % of those surveyed believed that developing plans were effectual. Many of the respondents stated the preparation plans purposes have been and are clearly stated, nevertheless, developing to cut down intoxicant abuse are merely effectual if persons make a witting determination to implement what they have learned from the preparation. Others stated that plans are effectual ; nevertheless, they are merely non decently utilised unless you ‘re at a rigorous bid. On some occasions, plan are merely to the full implemented and supported when something happens. Many of the plans that are presently in topographic point include Right Sprit, 123, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Managers and Supervisors ( ADAMS ) for Leaders, ADAMS for Supervisors and ADAMS for Facilitators. These plans emphasize responsible usage and deglamorize intoxicant with the purpose of cut downing the impact of intoxicant abuse. Training plans are effectual for they raise awareness, promote treatment, promotes positive behaviours refering responsible usage while avoiding intoxicant abuse. They besides discuss the dangers of intoxicant abuse and supply information on where persons can travel to have guidance and other valuable resources. These plans are effectual ; they teach crewmans how to take attention of non merely themselves, but to be aware of the wellness and public assistance of those they work or live with and assorted options to bask life without intoxicant. The Navy presently uses instruction and preparation pictures, community organisation, jurisprudence enforcement, and wellness publicity runs. These assorted types of preparation plans, assistance in acquiring the message out about the responsible usage of intoxicant and can do a important difference in person ‘s life. These preparation plans set criterions in educating the Sailors of the hereafter in forestalling future issues associated with its abuse. These preparation plans are effectual for they promote a healthier lifestyle and can perchance forestall person from going a statistic. A proposed program for turn toing this job ( 4-5 page narration ) The Navy ‘s attempts to cut down intoxicant abuse have non been successful. Alcohol is a legal substance, but its abuse has a important impact on misusers. The proposed program to diminish intoxicant abuse usage would be an incorporate attack to undertaking the jobs through early intercession and sensing, airing of cognition of intoxicant abuse policies, wellness related issues and its societal and wellness effects. The program includes implementing a strong policy that would be enforced systematically concentrating on intoxicant abuse bar. Numerous school-based plans have emerged over the old ages to battle minor imbibing and drive. Recent grounds has highlighted a figure of factors that strengthen the efficaciousness of school-based substance maltreatment prevention/education plans which include an synergistic function ( e.g. , Komro, 2002 ; Tobler, 1992 ; Tobler et al. , 2000 ; Tobler A ; Stratton, 1997 ) . Research besides illustrates that community-based bar plans have be en effectual in cut downing those jobs ( Hulley and Fortmann 1981 ; see besides Puska et Al. 1985 ; Maccoby et Al. 1977 ; Jacobs et Al. 1986 ) . This system can forestall a job before a job develops which will help in assisting crewmans make the right determinations at the right clip about their actions and behaviour. Leadership ‘s function, Interventions and Practices to Decrease Alcohol Misuse in the Navy The program that could be implemented would be an incorporate program with a focal point on bar and instruction, clear concise communicating, intrusive leading and battle and mentorship. The program I would implement would non set a arrest to all intoxicant abuse, alternatively it would concentrate on bar attempts paying peculiar attending to the bad imbibing behaviour. Alcohol abuse can be reduced through early sensing and early intercession. Communicating straight with our Sailors about intoxicant abuse, intrusive leading, prosecuting the bid and being direct with our Sailors about the issue of the abuse of intoxicant is the foundation of a the preventative integrative program. Communicating, prosecuting the Sailors in the bid and being direct with the Sailors, leads to constructing a relationship between Sailors and the leading. The end of leading should be to construct a relationship with those crewmans allowing them know that they are of import and that leading is at that place to help them with any issues they may hold. It besides creates an environment of positive aid where Sailors know leaders will make the best they can to take attention of their demands. Commands that have clear communicating are intrusive, engaged and direct set the tone and are active participants in cut downing intoxicant abuse. This system provides leading the chance to supply information jeopardies and effects of intoxicant abuse. A In constructing a relationship with the Sailors they become cognizant that they are relevant and an of import portion of the bid and instills a sense of duty and AIDSs in edifice and apprehension of Navy policy and outlooks. This besides gives leading an chance to discourse the bids policy constructing a contributing acquisition environment. There is strong grounds that short treatments or †brief intercessions † delivered by professionals are effectual in cut downing imbibing and are cost-efficient. ( Fitzgerald, Watson, A Mccaig, A A ; A Stewart, A D.2009 ) . This attack besides allows an chance to raise the issue of abuse and to discourse bounds of intoxicant ingestion and its negative effects. Another cardinal facet of this integrative program would include bid engagement. Commands should stress moderateness and responsible usage. Commands along with the bid leading should reenforce the message of the Navy intoxicant policy and deglamorize the usage of intoxicant and take restorative every bit good as preventative steps as needed. The Commanding Officer, Executive Officer, Command Master Chief and leading should guarantee policies are implemented and members are held accountable by efficiently training improper behaviour, maintaining the plan extremely seeable, sharply prosecuting crewmans, discoursing responsible usage and the effects of go againsting the Navy ‘s refering its abuse, guarantee preparation is easy available and guidance and referrals are readily accessible. Command engagement would besides include cognizing when your crewmans are turning 21 or being cognizant of their birthdays. Research reports found that that 1/5 of all Navy intoxicant related incid ents go on within 12 months of Sailors turning 21. Sailors on or around their birthday should be counseled on the negative effects of intoxicant abuse and should be informed of the Navy ‘s policy on intoxicant and apprehension there are alternate options which do non affect the ingestion of intoxicant. Commands can besides increase the frequence they have Command Calls or have the Command Master Chief speak with the bid more often for case before long vacation weekends, to discourse the bids policy on intoxicant abuse and to remind Sailors to be responsible. Another preventative integrative attack would be supervisors and leaders understanding their duty of being leaders and wise mans. Supervisors, leaders and directors should be cognizant that they are function theoretical accounts. They should be responsible and should advance and further an ambiance of professionalism. Another program to battle intoxicant abuse in the bid is to convey in synergistic games designed to exemplify the dangers of intoxicant abuse. This synergistic device would be a computing machine simulation which would imitate the effects of driving while under the influence to let crewmans to see the effects of how it would and how they would respond while under the influence to see first manus the impact of intoxicant has on the organic structure. This device would assist raise consciousness and hopefully die DUI incidences. A treatment of possible barriers to implementing your program ( 1 page narration ) Recommendations for get the better ofing these barriers ( 1 page narration ) Decision In shutting, one of the most discouraging findings from this research was that 8 % of those surveyed reported driving while under the influence. Alcohol is a drug which can do serious societal, fiscal and physical convulsion. Unhealthy intoxicant ingestion and intoxicant abuse is a major concern in the United States Navy for it has had an inauspicious impact on the mission preparedness of bids and significantly impacts misusers. Alcohol abuse is dearly-won in footings of cost, clip lost and its consequence on households. It besides destabilizes and threatens one safety, wellness, combat preparedness, and is damaging to morale. Alcohol abuse is incompatible with United States Navy criterions of public presentation, and is destructive in the Navys attempts to transfuse pride, professionalism, and esprit de corps. Alcohol in the United States Navy has a long and celebrated tradition of abuse and continues to hold considerable medical, legal and societal effects. It is hard to explicate the positive consequence of intoxicant abuse. While the ingestion of intoxicant may convey with it feelings of enjoyment and heat in the heads of many, it carries with it legion damaging effects, if non used responsibly. As documented in this study, intoxicant abuse poses some serious jobs on its users and their household and topographic points undue load and emphasis on the lives of those affected by its abuse. Furthermore, service members often use intoxicant to get by with apprehensiveness, humdrum, force per unit area, solitariness, jitteriness, emphasis and the sensed deficiency of off responsibility easy activities. Research has illustrated that this is a serious issues that demands our attending. It is of import that we all understand that intoxicant abuse will non be eradicated overnight. It will take several old ages to alter the military civilizations mind set, perceptual experience, attitudes and beliefs about intoxicant usage. The United States Navy civilization will merely alter through an incorporate attack of bar through intercession, instruction and preparation. Additionally, leading should encompass and accept their function and duty in educating their crewmans on current patterns, processs, constabularies and the nature of intoxicant abuse and how it can be prevented and treated efficaciously. The procedure has taught that the bing grounds that has been provided shows that we have an issue in our bid that needs to be addressed. This really little but really alone organisation of informations suggests that more demands to be done to battle this quandary at our bid. Prevention is better than remedy and this information indicates that the Navy needs a better program to pull off the force per unit areas that our crewmans face, which can lend to unhealthy lifestyle determinations. It is apparent from this study that we need to increase our consciousness of intoxicant ingestion and its societal, legal and wellness effects. This study has significantly contributed to my cognition base and has aided in the apprehension of the current tendencies in our bid in relation to alcohol-related issues. This information will be good in raising consciousness among the bid about the terrible reverberations that alcohol abuse can hold. This research has highlighted the importance of responsible usage. There is a demand for more of a focal point on more tools for effectual alteration. To efficaciously cut down the abuse of intoxicant includes implementing effectual schemes to battle intoxicant abuse usage by supplying instruction, preparation and proper showing. Education, preparation and effectual showings have shown to be an indispensable constituent and component in diminishing intoxicant abuse every bit good as minimising the injury caused by intoxicant. I will be my purpose to be more proactive with my attacks to communication the navy policies on responsible usage, through, program of the day of the month notes, on line showings, and posting runs In shutting, early intercession and sensing, airing of cognition of intoxicant abuse policies and wellness publicity combined with intoxicant deglamorization can be utile in stemming tide of abuse. 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Dod Study Alcohol Abuse Costs DoD DearlyBy Staff Sgt. Kathleen T. Rhem, USA American Forces Press Service How to cite Strategic Planning Health Care Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples